GEI023
PDF
Translation:
Gods.
The orgeones leased the sanctuary of Egretes to Diognetos, son of Arkesilas, of Melite for ten years at a rent of 200 drachmas per year, so that he shall use the sanctuary and the houses that have been built inside it as a sactuary. Diognetos shall whitewash the walls that need it and build and improve everything else he may wish. When his ten-year time expires, he shall leave bringing with him the timber parts, the tiles and the doors, but he shall not remove anything else. He shall take care of the trees that have grown in the sanctuary, and if one dies, he shall replace it and give back the same amount. Diognetos shall pay the rent to the member of the orgeones who acts as treasurer each year, one half – 100 drachmas – on the first day of Boedromion and the rest – 100 drachmas – on the first day of Elaphebolion. When the orgeones sacrifice to the hero in Boedromion, Diognetos shall provide the house where the shrine is, accessible and with a roof, the kitchen, couches and tables for two triclinia. If Diognetos does not pay the rent within the time written down or does not do something which is written down in the lease contract, let his lease be void and him be deprived of his timber parts, tiles and doors, let it be allowed to the orgeones to lease to whoever they please. If an eisphora is raised, let it fall on the orgeones according to the wealth assessment. Diognetos shall inscribe this lease contract upon the stele which is in the sactuary. The inception time of the lease is the archon after archon Koroibos. Commentary:
The sanctuary of Egretes, an otherwise unknown hero, is let to Diognetos for ten years at 200 drachmae a year (ll. 2-7), some rules concerning his rights and duties are given (ll. 7-18), followed by payment details (ll. 18-24). Diognetos will also have to partly cater for the yearly celebration of the hero (ll. 24-30). Should Diognetos fail to comply with the agreement terms, penalties are envisioned (ll. 30-37) and, in case an eisphora is levied, it is established it will be the orgeones’ duty to pay it (ll. 37-39). The text ends with the standard formula for the publication of the lease and the starting date (ll. 39-43).
The leasing of sacred property was a widespread activity attested – to limit the examples to Athens – for the polis, the demes, the gene and the orgeones (Faraguna 1992, 337-353; Papazarkadas 2011, 75-98; 135-160; 191-206; relevant documents concerning sacred property leases are also extant from Thespiai and Delos, all listed in Pernin 2014; cf. also Osborne 1988, 292-304). According to a gloss of Didymos to Isocrates, cultic activities were often paid for by rents (Harp. s.v. ἀπὸ μισθωμάτων, discussed in Osborne 1988, 288 and Papazarkadas 2011, 76). The very definition of sacred land as allegedly opposed to public or ‘secular’ land is very controversial; according to Papazarkadas, who also offers a summary of this long-standing debate, the following distinction could be made: sacred land was land which was owned by a deity and unalienable, whose revenues were used specifically for cults and whose cultivation may in some instances have been forbidden (Papazarkadas 2011, 2-13 and 243), but there is no unanimous consensus (for some objections to this attempt at categorization, see e.g. Rousset 2013).
In the case of the orgeones, while Papazarkadas suggests that they owned both sacred land, such as the sanctuary of Egretes, and non-sacred land, whose sale is attested in the Rationes centesimarum (Papazarkadas 2011, 198-204), Rousset is in favour of a more nuanced approach and casts doubts on the possibility of a sharp distinction between the two, which is not attested in the ancient sources (Rousset 2013, 118-119).
ll. 2-7: Only speculation is possible as to the reasons why the sanctuary was let: it has been argued that this points to a lack of financial resources (Austin 2006, no. 150, n. 3), but this is by no means sure. Rather, the orgeones were thus securing a caretaker and a regular income (see the discussion in the introduction). It is also possible to surmise that the lessee was himself a member of the orgeones (Walbank 1991, 160; Parker 1996, 110).
[ο]ἱ ὀργεῶνες: the orgeones were a hereditary association, possibly the subdivision of a phratry, dedicated to the cult of a mostly foreign deity or, as in this case, of a hero; based on the reference to two triclinia in ll. 29-30, the number of members can be estimated to have been between 18 and 30 (Ferguson-Nock 1944, esp. 79-81, Jones 1999, 250-253, Parker 1996, 109-111).
Διογνήτωι Ἀρκεσίλου Με|λιτεῖ. The identification of this Diognetos (LGPN II, Διόγνητος 31) with some namesakes can only be hypothetical: he may have been the father of a councillor of the restored democracy in 304/3 (LGPN II, Διόγνητος 32) and, given the rarity of the patronymic, the brother of Onetor, son of Arkesilas, of Melite (LGPN II, Ὀνήτωρ 18), known as the lessee of a mine in the mid-340s. Should these identifications be accurate, he would be the member of a prominent family of the city deme of Melite, which is known to have performed a number of liturgies in the 4th century (APF 11473; cf. Papazarkadas 2011, 204).
τῶι ἱ|ερῶι καὶ ταῖς οἰκία<ι>ς ταῖς ἐνωικοδ|ομημέναις ὡς ἱερῶι. ὡς ἱερῷ is predicative with χρῆσθαι. Diognetos is to use the sanctuary and its buildings in a way proper for a sanctuary, i.e. in a respectful way (cf. Syll.3 1097, n. 4).
ll. 7-18: περιαλείψει δ|ὲ Διόγνητος καὶ τῶν τοίχων τοὺς δε|ομένους. Cf. IG II2 1672, l. 61 εἰς τὴν περιαλιφὴν τοῦ τείχους «for the smearing of whitewash on the wall».
ἐνοικοδομήσει δὲ καὶ κατ|ασκευᾶι καὶ ἄλλ’ ὅ<τ>αν τι βούληται. Lord and Kloppenborg, Ascough differentiate in their translations between the two verbs ἐνοικοδομήσει, «build therein», and κατασκευᾶι «put in order [by way of improvements]», «improve [by building]». Others treat the two verbs as synonyms (e.g. Austin, Hellmann, Osborne).
The emendation of ὅσ᾽ἄν τι into ὅ<τ>αν τι was necessary, as ὅσ᾽ἄν τι, which is found on the stone, would be unparalleled in its two pronouns (cf. the apparatus for other proposals).
Similar provisions are also attested elsewhere (Behrend 1970, 122, Walbank 1991, 164, esp. n. 108 for a large amount of parallels): new construction work of some kind by the lessee is sometimes imposed as part of the contract (IG I3 84, ll. 3-4, 30-32; IG II2 2496, ll. 13-17), sometimes simply allowed (SEG 24 203, ll. 11-16 ἐνοι[κ]οδομεῖ|σθαι δὲ Θρασ[ύ]βουλον | ἐάν τι βούληται τοῖς | αὑτοῦ τέλ[ε]σιν ἐν τῶι | χωρίωι τῶι ἔξω τοῦ ὀχ|ετοῦ «that Thrasybulos shall build, if he wishes, at his own expenses on the land outside the canal»), as in this case; some other times both conditions apply at the same time (IG I3 84, ll. 33-34: [sc. τὸν μισθοσάμενον] φυτεῦσαι φυτευτέρια ἐλαο͂ν μὲ ὄλεζον ἒ διακόσια, πλέονα δὲ ἐὰν βόλεται «that the lessee shall plant no less than 200 olive trees, more if he wishes»).
ἄπεισιν ἔχων | τὰ ξύλα καὶ τὸν κέραμον καὶ τὰ θυρώ|[μ]ατα, τῶν δ’ ἄλλων κινήσει οὐθέν. In contracts, σκεύη, «utensils» (roofs and doors included therein), were listed separately (Behrend 1970, 123-124): sometimes objects would be included in the lease (an inventory of objects in SEG 21 644, l. 16 ff.; IG II2 2498, l. 23 ff. specifies that a building already has a roof), sometimes they would not (SEG 24 203, ll. 18-23: ἀπιέναι Θρασύβ|ουλον λαβόντα τὸν κέ|<ρ>αμον καὶ τὰ ξύλα κ<α>ὶ | τὰ θυρώματα, ἐὰμ μή τι | αὐτὸν πεί<θ>ει Χάροψ vac.| καὶ οἱ ὀργεῶνες «Thrasybulos shall leave taking the tiles, the timber parts and the doors, if Charops and the orgeones do not persuade him otherwise»). The most extensive lists of objects, buildings or plants included in a lease are in a series of inscriptions from Delos (Pernin 2014 no. 86, 92, 97, 106, 108, 109, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, with items listed on tables 48-59): for almost every structure in the rented property it is specified whether or not it has a door (e.g. one of the fifteen pieces of land listed in Pernin 2014, no. 86 is rented with a κλεισίον with a door and a θάλαμος, a stable, a sheepfold and an oven without it). On the verb ἀπιέναι in this context, cf. commentary on ll. 24-30 below.
ἐπι|[μ]ελήσεται δὲ καὶ τῶν δένδρων τῶν (vac.) | ἐν τῶι ἱερῶι πεφυκότων, καὶ ἄν τι ἐγ|λείπει, ἀντεμβαλεῖ καὶ παραδόωσει | τὸν αὐτὸν ἀριθμόν. From the 5th century onwards more laws were passed to protect sacred groves from intentional rather than unintentional damage, since the former became more frequent as deforestation in Greece had led to a lack of easily accessible timber (Jordan, Perlin 1984, esp. 158; on sacred groves, cf. also Ragone 2001). However, such provisions are also attested in other lease contracts for non-sacred spaces (IG II2 1241, ll. 30-32, 2492.14 ff.; cf. Behrend 1970, 122, n. 107).
ll. 18-24: Deadlines could vary and, though no positive evidence is extant in this respect, it can be guessed that they somehow corresponded to particular needs of the lessor: in this case, the payment of one of the two instalments is due in Boedromion, when the yearly celebration for Egretes took place, for which the rent money was probably used (cf. introduction and commentary to ll. 2-7; cf. also Behrend 1970, 117-8, Papazarkadas 2011, 117-118). Deadlines at the beginning Boedromion (September/October) and Elaphebolion (March/April) for the two yearly instalments are also attested elsewhere (IG II2 1241, ll. 25-28).
ll. 24-30: παρέχειν Διόγνητον τ|ὴν οἰκίαν, οὗ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστιν, ἀνεωιγ|μένην καὶ στέγην καὶ τὸ ὀπτάνιον (vac.) | καὶ κλίνας καὶ τραπέζας εἰς δύο τρ|ίκλινα. The identification of some of the single items on this list is disputed: στέγη has been translated as «shed» (Lord), «covered shelter» (Austin) and the like (Hellmann, Pernin); some (Lord, and Kloppenborg, Ascough) even suppose against the word order that στέγη is connected to the ὀπτάνιον and indicates a hut with an oven. The reference is allegedly to a hut which is temporarily set up for a feast and is mentioned in other inscriptions (Dittenberger in Syll.3 1097, n. 11 lists IG II2 1492B l. 3, I.Kallatis 36, l. 34, Syll.3 979, l. 4, I.Smyrna 753, l. 2). In all these four occurrences, however, the word is or has the root of σκηνή. It seems likelier that στέγη here indicates the roof (Behrend 1970, 123; Osborne 1988, 288): in another instance, it is specified that a building is already roofed and, probably, that it is to be returned in that condition (IG II2 2498, ll. 23 ff.). In any case, the lack of a definite article (already noted by Lord 1889, 53 and Dittenberger) points to something indefinite and temporary: only the building (τὴν οἰκίαν) and the kitchen (τὸ ὀπτάνιον) are clearly defined and stable items and thus take the definite article, whereas the roof, the couches etc. need not be clearly identified, are just temporary and thus take no article. Hellmann, ad loc. also notes that τρίκλινα needs not refer to a strictly three-couch dining hall, since the meaning of the word became more comprehensive and the number of couches per hall was usually seven.
According to Nicholas Jones, from these lines it is possible to infer that the rented property served as continuous residence for Diognetos and that it was his duty to temporarily vacate the property on the day of the yearly celebration for Egretes; continuous residence would also be confirmed by the use of the verb ἀπιέναι used in l. 12 referring to the end of the lease (Jones 2000, esp. 81).
τ|ην οἰκίαν, οὗ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστιν. Dittenberger (Syll.3 1097, n. 3) points out that the only way to make sense of this sentence is to assume that the usage of τὸ ἱερόν in ll. 2 and 5-6 and its usage here differ: in the former two cases, it clearly means «sanctuary», but in the latter it must refer to the shrine where the statue of the hero was kept.
ll. 37-39: ἐὰν δέ τις | εἰσφορὰ γίνηται, ἀπὸ τοῦ τιμήματος | τοῖς ὀργεῶσιν εἶναι. The εἰσφορά was a special direct tax imposed on wealthy citizens whose amount – at least from 378/7 BC – was proportionate to a citizen’s τίμημα, i.e. the assessment of his wealth (Christ 2007 with previous bibliography; the standard work on the eisphora is Thomsen 1964, esp. 194-249 for the years after 378/7 BC; cf. also Hansen 1991, 112-115 and Canevaro 2016, 50-53). It is not to be considered an equivalent of a modern land tax, because the τίμημα was based not only on land, but on the whole capital owned by an individual and because the εἰσφορά was not levied on a regular basis (Pernin 2007, esp. 379-381). Out of seven cases known of Attic lease contracts which mention the εἰσφορά, five specify that the lessor has to pay for it (beside the present case, IG II2 1241, 2492, 2497, 2498), whereas only in two is the lessee accountable for it (SEG 24 151, IG II2 2496; cf. Behrend 1970, 119-120, esp. nn. 91-92).
ἀπὸ τοῦ τιμήματος | τοῖς ὀργεῶσιν εἶναι. This has been understood in two different ways, either «the associates are to pay it according to the valuation» (Osborne; similarly Austin, Pernin) or «it has to be deducted from the payment to the Orgeones» (Lord; similarly Kloppenborg, Ascough). There would be parallels – though not strictly verbal parallels – for both (IG II2 2496, ll. 25-27 ἐὰ|ν δέ [τι]ς εἰσφορὰ γίγνηται ἢ ἄλλο τι ἀπ[ότ]εισμα τρό|πωι ὁτωιοῦν, εἰσφέρειν Εὐκράτην κατὰ τὸ τίμημα κα|θ᾽ ἑπτὰ μνᾶς «if an eisphora or another payment of some kind is levied, Eukrates shall pay for it according to the seven-mna evaluation»; IG II2 2492, ll. 25-27 ἐὰν δὲ οἱ μισθωταὶ (sc. τὴν εἰσφορὰν) εἰσενέγκωσι, ὑπολο|γίζεσθαι εἰς τὴν μίσθωσιν «if the lessees pay the eisphora, let it be deducted from the rent»), but the former translation seems preferable, as τίμημα as «wealth assessment» (LSJ, s.v. τίμημα, A6; see above) rather than «payment» (LSJ, s.v. τίμημα, A3) is a technical term in the εἰσφορά collection process.
ll. 39-43: ἀναγράψαι δὲ | τὴμ μίσθωσιν τήνδε Διόγνητον εἰς | τὴν στήλην τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν τῶι ἱ|ερῶι. The slab was already in the sanctuary (τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν τῶι ἱερῶι) and probably bore another text: the present inscription is a palimpsest and Lord detects traces of letters of the same form and dimensions as those of the extant text and a larger letter at the beginning of l. 26, possibly belonging to yet another text (Lord 1889, 46).
ἄρχων ὁ μετὰ Κόροιβον ἄρχοντα. Koroibos was the eponymous archon in the year 306/5 BC (Meritt 1977, 171).
Austin, M. (2006), The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, Cambridge, 2nd edition
Austin, M.M. and P. Vidal-Naquet (1977), Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece. An Introduction, Berkeley-Los Angeles
Behrend, D. (1970), Attische Pachturkunden. Ein Beitrag zur Beschreibung der μίσθωσις nach den griechischen Inschriften, München
Canevaro, M. (2016), Demostene, “Contro Leptine”. Introduzione, traduzione e commento storico, Berlin-Boston
Christ, M.R. (2007), 'The Evolution of the Eisphora in Classical Athens', CQ 57, 53-69
Faraguna, M. (1992), Atene nell’età di Alessandro. Problemi politici, economici e finanziari (Atti dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Memorie, s. IX, vol. II.2), Roma
Ferguson, W.S. and A.D. Nock (1944), 'The Attic Orgeones and the Cult of Heroes', HThR 37.2, i-iv, 61-174
Hansen, M.H. (1991), The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes, Oxford
Hellmann, M.-Ch. (1999), Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon
Jones, N.F. (1999), The Associations of Classical Athens. The Response to Democracy, New York-Oxford
Jones, N.F. (2000), 'Epigraphic Evidence for Farmstead Residence in Attica', ZPE 133, 75-90
Jordan, B. and J. Perlin (1984), 'On the Protection of Sacred Groves', in A.L. Boegehold and S. Dow (eds.), Studies presented to Sterling Dow on his eightieth birthday, Durham, 153-159
Kloppenborg, J.S. and R.S. Ascough 2011, Greco-roman associations: texts, translations, and commentary. Vol. 1: Attica, Central Greece, Macedonia, Thrace, Boston-Berlin
Le Guen-Pollet, B. (1991), La vie religieuse dans le monde grec du Ve au IIIe siècle avant notre ère. Choix de documents épigraphiques traduits et commentés, Toulouse
Lord, G.D. (1889), 'An Attic Lease Inscription', AJA 3, 44-53
Meritt, B.D. (1977), 'Athenian Archons 347/6 – 48/7 B.C.', Historia 26, 161-191
Osborne, R. (1988), 'Social and Economic Implications of the Leasing of Land and Property in Classical and Hellenistic Greece', Chiron 18, 279-329
Papazarkadas, N. (2011), Sacred and Public Land in Ancient Athens, Oxford
Parker, R. (1996), Greek Religion, Oxford
Pernin, I. (2007), 'L’impôt foncier existait-il en Grèce ancienne?', in J. Andreau and V. Chankowski (eds.), Vocabulaire et expression de l’économie dans le monde antique, Bordeaux, 369-383
Pernin, I. (2014), Les baux ruraux en Grèce ancienne : corpus épigraphique et étude, Lyon
Ragone, G. (2001), 'Dentro l’àlsos. Economia e tutela del bosco sacro nell’antichità classica', in C. Albore Livadie and F. Ortolani (eds.), Il sistema uomo-ambiente tra passato e presente, Bari, 11-25
Rousset, D. (2013), 'Sacred property and Public Property in the Greek City', JHS, 133, 113-133
Thomsen, R. (1964), Eisphora. A Study of Direct Taxation in Ancient Athens, Copenhagen
Walbank, M.B. (1991), 'III. Leases of Public Lands', in G.V. Lalonde, M.K. Langdon and M.B.Walbank, The Athenian Agora, XIX. Inscriptions: Horoi, Poletai Records, Leases of Public Lands, Princeton, 145-207 Author: Cosimo Paravano
Last update: January 2019 DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI023
Athens. Lease of the temple of Egretes
[θε]οί.
[ο]ἱ ὀργεῶνες ἐμίσθωσαν τὸ ἱερὸν το-
[ῦ] Ἐγρέτου Διογνήτωι Ἀρκεσίλου Με-
λιτεῖ εἰς δέκα ἔτη
ΗΗ δραχμῶν τοῦ ἐ-
5{ε}νιαυτοῦ ἑκάστου, χρῆ (vac. ) σθαι τῶι ἱ-
ερῶι καὶ ταῖς οἰκία<ι>ς ταῖς ἐνωικοδ-
ομημέναις ὡς ἱερῶι. περιαλείψει δ-
ὲ Διόγνητος καὶ τῶν τοίχων τοὺς δε-
ομένους, ἐνοικοδομήσει δὲ καὶ κατ-
10ασκευᾶι καὶ ἄλλ’ ὅ<τ>αν τι βούληται (vac. )
Διόγνητος. ὅταν δὲ ὁ χρόνος ἐξίηι (vac. )
αὐτῶι τῆς δεκαετίας, ἄπεισιν ἔχων
τὰ ξύλα καὶ τὸν κέραμον καὶ τὰ θυρώ-
[μ]ατα, τῶν δ’ ἄλλων κινήσει οὐθέν. ἐπι-
15[μ]ελήσεται δὲ καὶ τῶν δένδρων τῶν (vac. )
ἐν τῶι ἱερῶι πεφυκότων, καὶ ἄν τι ἐγ-
λείπει, ἀντεμβαλεῖ καὶ παραδώσει
τὸν αὐτὸν ἀριθμόν. τὴν δὲ μίσθωσιν
ἀποδώσει Διόγνητος τῶι ἀεὶ ταμιε-
20ύοντι τῶν ὀργεώνων ἑκάστου τοῦ ἐν-
ιαυτοῦ τὴμ μὲν ἡμίσεαν τὰς Η δραχμὰ[ς]
τοῦ Βοηδρομιῶνος τῆι νουμηνίαι, (vac. )
τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν τὰς Η δραχμὰς τοῦ Ἐλα-
φηβολιῶνος τῆι νουμ<η>νίαι. ὅταν δὲ
25θύωσιν οἱ ὀργεῶνες τῶι ἥρωι τοῦ Βο-
ηδρομιῶνος, παρέχειν Διόγνητον τ-
ὴν οἰκίαν, οὗ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστιν, ἀνεωιγ-
μένην καὶ στέγην καὶ τὸ ὀπτάνιον (vac. )
καὶ κλίνας καὶ τραπέζας εἰς δύο τρ-
30ίκλινα. ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀποδιδῶι τὴμ μίσθ-
ωσιν Διόγνητος ἐν τοῖς χρόνοις τοῖς
γεγραμμένοις ἢ τἆλλα μὴ ποεῖ τὰ ἐν
τῆι μισθώσει γεγραμμένα, ἄκυρος (vac. )
ἔστω αὐτῶι ἡ μίσθωσις καὶ στερέσθω
35τῶν ξύλων καὶ τοῦ κεράμου καὶ τῶν (vac. )
θυρωμάτων, καὶ ἐξέστω τοῖς ὀργεῶσι
μισθοῦν ὅτωι ἂν βούλωνται. ἐὰν δέ τις
εἰσφορὰ γίνηται, ἀπὸ τοῦ τιμήματος
τοῖς ὀργεῶσιν εἶναι. ἀναγράψαι δὲ
40τὴμ μίσθωσιν τήνδε Διόγνητον εἰς
τὴν στήλην τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν τῶι ἱ-
ερῶι. χρόνος ἄρχει τῆς μισθώσεως (vac. )
ἄρχων ὁ μετὰ Κόροιβον ἄρχοντα. (vac. )
[ο]ἱ ὀργεῶνες ἐμίσθωσαν τὸ ἱερὸν το-
[ῦ] Ἐγρέτου Διογνήτωι Ἀρκεσίλου Με-
λιτεῖ εἰς δέκα ἔτη
ΗΗ δραχμῶν τοῦ ἐ-5{ε}νιαυτοῦ ἑκάστου, χρῆ (vac. ) σθαι τῶι ἱ-
ερῶι καὶ ταῖς οἰκία<ι>ς ταῖς ἐνωικοδ-
ομημέναις ὡς ἱερῶι. περιαλείψει δ-
ὲ Διόγνητος καὶ τῶν τοίχων τοὺς δε-
ομένους, ἐνοικοδομήσει δὲ καὶ κατ-
10ασκευᾶι καὶ ἄλλ’ ὅ<τ>αν τι βούληται (vac. )
Διόγνητος. ὅταν δὲ ὁ χρόνος ἐξίηι (vac. )
αὐτῶι τῆς δεκαετίας, ἄπεισιν ἔχων
τὰ ξύλα καὶ τὸν κέραμον καὶ τὰ θυρώ-
[μ]ατα, τῶν δ’ ἄλλων κινήσει οὐθέν. ἐπι-
15[μ]ελήσεται δὲ καὶ τῶν δένδρων τῶν (vac. )
ἐν τῶι ἱερῶι πεφυκότων, καὶ ἄν τι ἐγ-
λείπει, ἀντεμβαλεῖ καὶ παραδώσει
τὸν αὐτὸν ἀριθμόν. τὴν δὲ μίσθωσιν
ἀποδώσει Διόγνητος τῶι ἀεὶ ταμιε-
20ύοντι τῶν ὀργεώνων ἑκάστου τοῦ ἐν-
ιαυτοῦ τὴμ μὲν ἡμίσεαν τὰς
Η δραχμὰ[ς] τοῦ Βοηδρομιῶνος τῆι νουμηνίαι, (vac. )
τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν τὰς
Η δραχμὰς τοῦ Ἐλα-φηβολιῶνος τῆι νουμ<η>νίαι. ὅταν δὲ
25θύωσιν οἱ ὀργεῶνες τῶι ἥρωι τοῦ Βο-
ηδρομιῶνος, παρέχειν Διόγνητον τ-
ὴν οἰκίαν, οὗ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστιν, ἀνεωιγ-
μένην καὶ στέγην καὶ τὸ ὀπτάνιον (vac. )
καὶ κλίνας καὶ τραπέζας εἰς δύο τρ-
30ίκλινα. ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀποδιδῶι τὴμ μίσθ-
ωσιν Διόγνητος ἐν τοῖς χρόνοις τοῖς
γεγραμμένοις ἢ τἆλλα μὴ ποεῖ τὰ ἐν
τῆι μισθώσει γεγραμμένα, ἄκυρος (vac. )
ἔστω αὐτῶι ἡ μίσθωσις καὶ στερέσθω
35τῶν ξύλων καὶ τοῦ κεράμου καὶ τῶν (vac. )
θυρωμάτων, καὶ ἐξέστω τοῖς ὀργεῶσι
μισθοῦν ὅτωι ἂν βούλωνται. ἐὰν δέ τις
εἰσφορὰ γίνηται, ἀπὸ τοῦ τιμήματος
τοῖς ὀργεῶσιν εἶναι. ἀναγράψαι δὲ
40τὴμ μίσθωσιν τήνδε Διόγνητον εἰς
τὴν στήλην τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν τῶι ἱ-
ερῶι. χρόνος ἄρχει τῆς μισθώσεως (vac. )
ἄρχων ὁ μετὰ Κόροιβον ἄρχοντα. (vac. )
Gods.
The orgeones leased the sanctuary of Egretes to Diognetos, son of Arkesilas, of Melite for ten years at a rent of 200 drachmas per year, so that he shall use the sanctuary and the houses that have been built inside it as a sactuary. Diognetos shall whitewash the walls that need it and build and improve everything else he may wish. When his ten-year time expires, he shall leave bringing with him the timber parts, the tiles and the doors, but he shall not remove anything else. He shall take care of the trees that have grown in the sanctuary, and if one dies, he shall replace it and give back the same amount. Diognetos shall pay the rent to the member of the orgeones who acts as treasurer each year, one half – 100 drachmas – on the first day of Boedromion and the rest – 100 drachmas – on the first day of Elaphebolion. When the orgeones sacrifice to the hero in Boedromion, Diognetos shall provide the house where the shrine is, accessible and with a roof, the kitchen, couches and tables for two triclinia. If Diognetos does not pay the rent within the time written down or does not do something which is written down in the lease contract, let his lease be void and him be deprived of his timber parts, tiles and doors, let it be allowed to the orgeones to lease to whoever they please. If an eisphora is raised, let it fall on the orgeones according to the wealth assessment. Diognetos shall inscribe this lease contract upon the stele which is in the sactuary. The inception time of the lease is the archon after archon Koroibos. Commentary:
The sanctuary of Egretes, an otherwise unknown hero, is let to Diognetos for ten years at 200 drachmae a year (ll. 2-7), some rules concerning his rights and duties are given (ll. 7-18), followed by payment details (ll. 18-24). Diognetos will also have to partly cater for the yearly celebration of the hero (ll. 24-30). Should Diognetos fail to comply with the agreement terms, penalties are envisioned (ll. 30-37) and, in case an eisphora is levied, it is established it will be the orgeones’ duty to pay it (ll. 37-39). The text ends with the standard formula for the publication of the lease and the starting date (ll. 39-43).
The leasing of sacred property was a widespread activity attested – to limit the examples to Athens – for the polis, the demes, the gene and the orgeones (Faraguna 1992, 337-353; Papazarkadas 2011, 75-98; 135-160; 191-206; relevant documents concerning sacred property leases are also extant from Thespiai and Delos, all listed in Pernin 2014; cf. also Osborne 1988, 292-304). According to a gloss of Didymos to Isocrates, cultic activities were often paid for by rents (Harp. s.v. ἀπὸ μισθωμάτων, discussed in Osborne 1988, 288 and Papazarkadas 2011, 76). The very definition of sacred land as allegedly opposed to public or ‘secular’ land is very controversial; according to Papazarkadas, who also offers a summary of this long-standing debate, the following distinction could be made: sacred land was land which was owned by a deity and unalienable, whose revenues were used specifically for cults and whose cultivation may in some instances have been forbidden (Papazarkadas 2011, 2-13 and 243), but there is no unanimous consensus (for some objections to this attempt at categorization, see e.g. Rousset 2013).
In the case of the orgeones, while Papazarkadas suggests that they owned both sacred land, such as the sanctuary of Egretes, and non-sacred land, whose sale is attested in the Rationes centesimarum (Papazarkadas 2011, 198-204), Rousset is in favour of a more nuanced approach and casts doubts on the possibility of a sharp distinction between the two, which is not attested in the ancient sources (Rousset 2013, 118-119).
ll. 2-7: Only speculation is possible as to the reasons why the sanctuary was let: it has been argued that this points to a lack of financial resources (Austin 2006, no. 150, n. 3), but this is by no means sure. Rather, the orgeones were thus securing a caretaker and a regular income (see the discussion in the introduction). It is also possible to surmise that the lessee was himself a member of the orgeones (Walbank 1991, 160; Parker 1996, 110).
[ο]ἱ ὀργεῶνες: the orgeones were a hereditary association, possibly the subdivision of a phratry, dedicated to the cult of a mostly foreign deity or, as in this case, of a hero; based on the reference to two triclinia in ll. 29-30, the number of members can be estimated to have been between 18 and 30 (Ferguson-Nock 1944, esp. 79-81, Jones 1999, 250-253, Parker 1996, 109-111).
Διογνήτωι Ἀρκεσίλου Με|λιτεῖ. The identification of this Diognetos (LGPN II, Διόγνητος 31) with some namesakes can only be hypothetical: he may have been the father of a councillor of the restored democracy in 304/3 (LGPN II, Διόγνητος 32) and, given the rarity of the patronymic, the brother of Onetor, son of Arkesilas, of Melite (LGPN II, Ὀνήτωρ 18), known as the lessee of a mine in the mid-340s. Should these identifications be accurate, he would be the member of a prominent family of the city deme of Melite, which is known to have performed a number of liturgies in the 4th century (APF 11473; cf. Papazarkadas 2011, 204).
τῶι ἱ|ερῶι καὶ ταῖς οἰκία<ι>ς ταῖς ἐνωικοδ|ομημέναις ὡς ἱερῶι. ὡς ἱερῷ is predicative with χρῆσθαι. Diognetos is to use the sanctuary and its buildings in a way proper for a sanctuary, i.e. in a respectful way (cf. Syll.3 1097, n. 4).
ll. 7-18: περιαλείψει δ|ὲ Διόγνητος καὶ τῶν τοίχων τοὺς δε|ομένους. Cf. IG II2 1672, l. 61 εἰς τὴν περιαλιφὴν τοῦ τείχους «for the smearing of whitewash on the wall».
ἐνοικοδομήσει δὲ καὶ κατ|ασκευᾶι καὶ ἄλλ’ ὅ<τ>αν τι βούληται. Lord and Kloppenborg, Ascough differentiate in their translations between the two verbs ἐνοικοδομήσει, «build therein», and κατασκευᾶι «put in order [by way of improvements]», «improve [by building]». Others treat the two verbs as synonyms (e.g. Austin, Hellmann, Osborne).
The emendation of ὅσ᾽ἄν τι into ὅ<τ>αν τι was necessary, as ὅσ᾽ἄν τι, which is found on the stone, would be unparalleled in its two pronouns (cf. the apparatus for other proposals).
Similar provisions are also attested elsewhere (Behrend 1970, 122, Walbank 1991, 164, esp. n. 108 for a large amount of parallels): new construction work of some kind by the lessee is sometimes imposed as part of the contract (IG I3 84, ll. 3-4, 30-32; IG II2 2496, ll. 13-17), sometimes simply allowed (SEG 24 203, ll. 11-16 ἐνοι[κ]οδομεῖ|σθαι δὲ Θρασ[ύ]βουλον | ἐάν τι βούληται τοῖς | αὑτοῦ τέλ[ε]σιν ἐν τῶι | χωρίωι τῶι ἔξω τοῦ ὀχ|ετοῦ «that Thrasybulos shall build, if he wishes, at his own expenses on the land outside the canal»), as in this case; some other times both conditions apply at the same time (IG I3 84, ll. 33-34: [sc. τὸν μισθοσάμενον] φυτεῦσαι φυτευτέρια ἐλαο͂ν μὲ ὄλεζον ἒ διακόσια, πλέονα δὲ ἐὰν βόλεται «that the lessee shall plant no less than 200 olive trees, more if he wishes»).
ἄπεισιν ἔχων | τὰ ξύλα καὶ τὸν κέραμον καὶ τὰ θυρώ|[μ]ατα, τῶν δ’ ἄλλων κινήσει οὐθέν. In contracts, σκεύη, «utensils» (roofs and doors included therein), were listed separately (Behrend 1970, 123-124): sometimes objects would be included in the lease (an inventory of objects in SEG 21 644, l. 16 ff.; IG II2 2498, l. 23 ff. specifies that a building already has a roof), sometimes they would not (SEG 24 203, ll. 18-23: ἀπιέναι Θρασύβ|ουλον λαβόντα τὸν κέ|<ρ>αμον καὶ τὰ ξύλα κ<α>ὶ | τὰ θυρώματα, ἐὰμ μή τι | αὐτὸν πεί<θ>ει Χάροψ vac.| καὶ οἱ ὀργεῶνες «Thrasybulos shall leave taking the tiles, the timber parts and the doors, if Charops and the orgeones do not persuade him otherwise»). The most extensive lists of objects, buildings or plants included in a lease are in a series of inscriptions from Delos (Pernin 2014 no. 86, 92, 97, 106, 108, 109, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, with items listed on tables 48-59): for almost every structure in the rented property it is specified whether or not it has a door (e.g. one of the fifteen pieces of land listed in Pernin 2014, no. 86 is rented with a κλεισίον with a door and a θάλαμος, a stable, a sheepfold and an oven without it). On the verb ἀπιέναι in this context, cf. commentary on ll. 24-30 below.
ἐπι|[μ]ελήσεται δὲ καὶ τῶν δένδρων τῶν (vac.) | ἐν τῶι ἱερῶι πεφυκότων, καὶ ἄν τι ἐγ|λείπει, ἀντεμβαλεῖ καὶ παραδόωσει | τὸν αὐτὸν ἀριθμόν. From the 5th century onwards more laws were passed to protect sacred groves from intentional rather than unintentional damage, since the former became more frequent as deforestation in Greece had led to a lack of easily accessible timber (Jordan, Perlin 1984, esp. 158; on sacred groves, cf. also Ragone 2001). However, such provisions are also attested in other lease contracts for non-sacred spaces (IG II2 1241, ll. 30-32, 2492.14 ff.; cf. Behrend 1970, 122, n. 107).
ll. 18-24: Deadlines could vary and, though no positive evidence is extant in this respect, it can be guessed that they somehow corresponded to particular needs of the lessor: in this case, the payment of one of the two instalments is due in Boedromion, when the yearly celebration for Egretes took place, for which the rent money was probably used (cf. introduction and commentary to ll. 2-7; cf. also Behrend 1970, 117-8, Papazarkadas 2011, 117-118). Deadlines at the beginning Boedromion (September/October) and Elaphebolion (March/April) for the two yearly instalments are also attested elsewhere (IG II2 1241, ll. 25-28).
ll. 24-30: παρέχειν Διόγνητον τ|ὴν οἰκίαν, οὗ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστιν, ἀνεωιγ|μένην καὶ στέγην καὶ τὸ ὀπτάνιον (vac.) | καὶ κλίνας καὶ τραπέζας εἰς δύο τρ|ίκλινα. The identification of some of the single items on this list is disputed: στέγη has been translated as «shed» (Lord), «covered shelter» (Austin) and the like (Hellmann, Pernin); some (Lord, and Kloppenborg, Ascough) even suppose against the word order that στέγη is connected to the ὀπτάνιον and indicates a hut with an oven. The reference is allegedly to a hut which is temporarily set up for a feast and is mentioned in other inscriptions (Dittenberger in Syll.3 1097, n. 11 lists IG II2 1492B l. 3, I.Kallatis 36, l. 34, Syll.3 979, l. 4, I.Smyrna 753, l. 2). In all these four occurrences, however, the word is or has the root of σκηνή. It seems likelier that στέγη here indicates the roof (Behrend 1970, 123; Osborne 1988, 288): in another instance, it is specified that a building is already roofed and, probably, that it is to be returned in that condition (IG II2 2498, ll. 23 ff.). In any case, the lack of a definite article (already noted by Lord 1889, 53 and Dittenberger) points to something indefinite and temporary: only the building (τὴν οἰκίαν) and the kitchen (τὸ ὀπτάνιον) are clearly defined and stable items and thus take the definite article, whereas the roof, the couches etc. need not be clearly identified, are just temporary and thus take no article. Hellmann, ad loc. also notes that τρίκλινα needs not refer to a strictly three-couch dining hall, since the meaning of the word became more comprehensive and the number of couches per hall was usually seven.
According to Nicholas Jones, from these lines it is possible to infer that the rented property served as continuous residence for Diognetos and that it was his duty to temporarily vacate the property on the day of the yearly celebration for Egretes; continuous residence would also be confirmed by the use of the verb ἀπιέναι used in l. 12 referring to the end of the lease (Jones 2000, esp. 81).
τ|ην οἰκίαν, οὗ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστιν. Dittenberger (Syll.3 1097, n. 3) points out that the only way to make sense of this sentence is to assume that the usage of τὸ ἱερόν in ll. 2 and 5-6 and its usage here differ: in the former two cases, it clearly means «sanctuary», but in the latter it must refer to the shrine where the statue of the hero was kept.
ll. 37-39: ἐὰν δέ τις | εἰσφορὰ γίνηται, ἀπὸ τοῦ τιμήματος | τοῖς ὀργεῶσιν εἶναι. The εἰσφορά was a special direct tax imposed on wealthy citizens whose amount – at least from 378/7 BC – was proportionate to a citizen’s τίμημα, i.e. the assessment of his wealth (Christ 2007 with previous bibliography; the standard work on the eisphora is Thomsen 1964, esp. 194-249 for the years after 378/7 BC; cf. also Hansen 1991, 112-115 and Canevaro 2016, 50-53). It is not to be considered an equivalent of a modern land tax, because the τίμημα was based not only on land, but on the whole capital owned by an individual and because the εἰσφορά was not levied on a regular basis (Pernin 2007, esp. 379-381). Out of seven cases known of Attic lease contracts which mention the εἰσφορά, five specify that the lessor has to pay for it (beside the present case, IG II2 1241, 2492, 2497, 2498), whereas only in two is the lessee accountable for it (SEG 24 151, IG II2 2496; cf. Behrend 1970, 119-120, esp. nn. 91-92).
ἀπὸ τοῦ τιμήματος | τοῖς ὀργεῶσιν εἶναι. This has been understood in two different ways, either «the associates are to pay it according to the valuation» (Osborne; similarly Austin, Pernin) or «it has to be deducted from the payment to the Orgeones» (Lord; similarly Kloppenborg, Ascough). There would be parallels – though not strictly verbal parallels – for both (IG II2 2496, ll. 25-27 ἐὰ|ν δέ [τι]ς εἰσφορὰ γίγνηται ἢ ἄλλο τι ἀπ[ότ]εισμα τρό|πωι ὁτωιοῦν, εἰσφέρειν Εὐκράτην κατὰ τὸ τίμημα κα|θ᾽ ἑπτὰ μνᾶς «if an eisphora or another payment of some kind is levied, Eukrates shall pay for it according to the seven-mna evaluation»; IG II2 2492, ll. 25-27 ἐὰν δὲ οἱ μισθωταὶ (sc. τὴν εἰσφορὰν) εἰσενέγκωσι, ὑπολο|γίζεσθαι εἰς τὴν μίσθωσιν «if the lessees pay the eisphora, let it be deducted from the rent»), but the former translation seems preferable, as τίμημα as «wealth assessment» (LSJ, s.v. τίμημα, A6; see above) rather than «payment» (LSJ, s.v. τίμημα, A3) is a technical term in the εἰσφορά collection process.
ll. 39-43: ἀναγράψαι δὲ | τὴμ μίσθωσιν τήνδε Διόγνητον εἰς | τὴν στήλην τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν τῶι ἱ|ερῶι. The slab was already in the sanctuary (τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν τῶι ἱερῶι) and probably bore another text: the present inscription is a palimpsest and Lord detects traces of letters of the same form and dimensions as those of the extant text and a larger letter at the beginning of l. 26, possibly belonging to yet another text (Lord 1889, 46).
ἄρχων ὁ μετὰ Κόροιβον ἄρχοντα. Koroibos was the eponymous archon in the year 306/5 BC (Meritt 1977, 171).
Austin, M. (2006), The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, Cambridge, 2nd edition
Austin, M.M. and P. Vidal-Naquet (1977), Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece. An Introduction, Berkeley-Los Angeles
Behrend, D. (1970), Attische Pachturkunden. Ein Beitrag zur Beschreibung der μίσθωσις nach den griechischen Inschriften, München
Canevaro, M. (2016), Demostene, “Contro Leptine”. Introduzione, traduzione e commento storico, Berlin-Boston
Christ, M.R. (2007), 'The Evolution of the Eisphora in Classical Athens', CQ 57, 53-69
Faraguna, M. (1992), Atene nell’età di Alessandro. Problemi politici, economici e finanziari (Atti dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Memorie, s. IX, vol. II.2), Roma
Ferguson, W.S. and A.D. Nock (1944), 'The Attic Orgeones and the Cult of Heroes', HThR 37.2, i-iv, 61-174
Hansen, M.H. (1991), The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes, Oxford
Hellmann, M.-Ch. (1999), Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon
Jones, N.F. (1999), The Associations of Classical Athens. The Response to Democracy, New York-Oxford
Jones, N.F. (2000), 'Epigraphic Evidence for Farmstead Residence in Attica', ZPE 133, 75-90
Jordan, B. and J. Perlin (1984), 'On the Protection of Sacred Groves', in A.L. Boegehold and S. Dow (eds.), Studies presented to Sterling Dow on his eightieth birthday, Durham, 153-159
Kloppenborg, J.S. and R.S. Ascough 2011, Greco-roman associations: texts, translations, and commentary. Vol. 1: Attica, Central Greece, Macedonia, Thrace, Boston-Berlin
Le Guen-Pollet, B. (1991), La vie religieuse dans le monde grec du Ve au IIIe siècle avant notre ère. Choix de documents épigraphiques traduits et commentés, Toulouse
Lord, G.D. (1889), 'An Attic Lease Inscription', AJA 3, 44-53
Meritt, B.D. (1977), 'Athenian Archons 347/6 – 48/7 B.C.', Historia 26, 161-191
Osborne, R. (1988), 'Social and Economic Implications of the Leasing of Land and Property in Classical and Hellenistic Greece', Chiron 18, 279-329
Papazarkadas, N. (2011), Sacred and Public Land in Ancient Athens, Oxford
Parker, R. (1996), Greek Religion, Oxford
Pernin, I. (2007), 'L’impôt foncier existait-il en Grèce ancienne?', in J. Andreau and V. Chankowski (eds.), Vocabulaire et expression de l’économie dans le monde antique, Bordeaux, 369-383
Pernin, I. (2014), Les baux ruraux en Grèce ancienne : corpus épigraphique et étude, Lyon
Ragone, G. (2001), 'Dentro l’àlsos. Economia e tutela del bosco sacro nell’antichità classica', in C. Albore Livadie and F. Ortolani (eds.), Il sistema uomo-ambiente tra passato e presente, Bari, 11-25
Rousset, D. (2013), 'Sacred property and Public Property in the Greek City', JHS, 133, 113-133
Thomsen, R. (1964), Eisphora. A Study of Direct Taxation in Ancient Athens, Copenhagen
Walbank, M.B. (1991), 'III. Leases of Public Lands', in G.V. Lalonde, M.K. Langdon and M.B.Walbank, The Athenian Agora, XIX. Inscriptions: Horoi, Poletai Records, Leases of Public Lands, Princeton, 145-207 Author: Cosimo Paravano
Last update: January 2019 DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI023
TM Number:
790472
Author: Cosimo Paravano
Last Update: January 2019
DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI023
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2<?oxygen RNGSchema="http://www.stoa.org/epidoc/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" type="xml"?> 3<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en"> 4 <teiHeader> 5 <fileDesc> 6 <titleStmt> 7 <title>Athens. Lease of the temple of Egretes</title> 8 <editor>Donatella Erdas</editor> 9 <editor>Anna Magnetto</editor> 10 </titleStmt> 11 <publicationStmt> 12 <authority>Laboratory of Computer Sciences for Ancient Languages, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa</authority> 13 <idno type="filename">GEI023</idno> 14 <availability><p>for internal use only</p></availability> 15 </publicationStmt> 16 <sourceDesc> 17 <ab>Aimed for 18 <bibl xml:id="ErdMagCS"><author>D. Erdas</author>, <author>A. Magnetto</author>, 19 <title>Corpus delle iscrizioni economiche greche</title> in c.s.</bibl>; 20 this version born digital</ab> 21 <ab> 22 <msDesc> 23 <msIdentifier/> 24 <physDesc> 25 <objectDesc> 26 <supportDesc> 27 <support> 28 <p>full <objectType>slab</objectType> of <material>white marble</material> with small pediment. The inscription is complete and only few letters are missing or hardly readable. Scanty traces of almost obliterated letters under the inscription suggest that the original surface was reworked before being inscribed again (dimensions: 29 <dimensions> 30 <height unit="cm">65</height> 31 <width unit="cm">27.5</width> 32 <depth unit="cm">7</depth> 33 </dimensions>)</p> 34 </support> 35 </supportDesc> 36 <layoutDesc> 37 <layout><foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">stoichedon</foreign> 28 (except for ll. 21, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38)</layout> 38 </layoutDesc> 39 </objectDesc> 40 <handDesc> 41 <handNote>Ionic-Attic letters, height: <height unit="cm">0.4</height> cm</handNote> 42 </handDesc> 43 </physDesc> 44 <history> 45 <origin> 46 <ab><origPlace><placeName>Athens</placeName></origPlace></ab> 47 <ab><origDate notBefore="-0306" notAfter="-0305" evidence="internal-date">306/5 BC</origDate></ab> 48 </origin> 49 <provenance> 50 <listEvent> 51 <event type="found"> 52 <p>found in <placeName>Athens</placeName> on the slope north of the Hill of the Nymphs</p> 53 </event> 54 <event type="observed"> 55 <p>The American School of Classical Studies at Athens</p> 56 </event> 57 </listEvent> 58 </provenance> 59 </history> 60 </msDesc> 61 </ab> 62 </sourceDesc> 63 </fileDesc> 64 <encodingDesc> 65 <p>Marked-up according to the EpiDoc Guidelines and Schema, version 8</p> 66 <projectDesc> 67 <p>Sample for a Corpus of Greek Economical Inscriptions</p> 68 </projectDesc> 69 </encodingDesc> 70 <profileDesc> 71 <langUsage> 72 <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek</language> 73 <language ident="la">Latin</language> 74 <language ident="grc-Latn">Transliterated Greek</language> 75 <language ident="en">English</language> 76 <language ident="it">Italian</language> 77 <language ident="fr">French</language> 78 <language ident="de">German</language> 79 </langUsage> 80 <textClass> 81 <keywords scheme="subjects"> 82 <term>lease</term> 83 <term>rent</term> 84 <term>sanctuary</term> 85 <term>taxation</term> 86 <term>Eisphora</term> 87 <term>sacred land</term> 88 <term>timema</term> 89 </keywords> 90 <keywords scheme="type"> 91 <term>misthosis</term> 92 <term>lease contract</term> 93 </keywords> 94 <keywords scheme="context"> 95 <term>sanctuary</term> 96 </keywords> 97 </textClass> 98 </profileDesc> 99 </teiHeader> 100 <text> 101 <body> 102 <div type="bibliography" subtype="referenceEdition"> 103 <head>Reference Edition</head> 104 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0029"><title>IG</title> II</ref><edition>2</edition> 2499</bibl> 105 </div> 106 <div type="bibliography" subtype="editions"> 107 <head>Other Editions</head> 108 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0175">Lord 1899</ref>, <biblScope unit="page">44-53</biblScope> (editio princeps);</bibl> 109 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0014">W. Dittenberger, <title>Syll.</title></ref><edition>3</edition> 1097;</bibl> 110 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0128">C. Michel, <title>Recueil</title></ref> 1356;</bibl> 111 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0176">H.Th.A. von Prott, L. Ziehen, <title>LSG</title> II</ref> 43;</bibl> 112 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0027">F. Sokolowski, <title>LSCG</title></ref> 47 (<title>SEG</title> 25 197);</bibl> 113 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0093">D. Behrend, <title>Attische Pachturkunden</title></ref> 39;</bibl> 114 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0177">Hellmann 1999</ref>, no. 43;</bibl> 115 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0189">Kloppenborg, Ascough 2011,</ref> no. 7 (see also J.S. Kloppenborg in http://www.philipharland.com/greco-roman-associations/?p=3611);</bibl> 116 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2025">Pernin 2014</ref>, no. 7</bibl> 117 </div> 118 <div type="bibliography" subtype="illustrations"> 119 <head>Photographs</head> 120 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0175">Lord 1899</ref>, Plate 1;</bibl> 121 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2025">Pernin 2014</ref>, 55</bibl> 122 </div> 123 124 <div type="bibliography" subtype="translations"> 125 <head>Translations</head> 126 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0175">Lord 1899</ref>, 47 (English);</bibl> 127 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0046">Austin, Vidal-Naquet 1977</ref>, no. 130 (English);</bibl> 128 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0109">Le Guen-Pollet 1991</ref>, no. 8 (French);</bibl> 129 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0177">Hellmann 1999</ref>, no. 43 (French, only ll. 1-37);</bibl> 130 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#l0092">Osborne 1988</ref>, 288 (English);</bibl> 131 <bibl>Ragone 2001 (Italian, only ll. 1-7, 11-18, 30-37);</bibl> 132 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2123">Austin 2006</ref>, no. 150 (English);</bibl> 133 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0189">Kloppenborg, Ascough 2011,</ref> no. 7 (English; see also http://www.philipharland.com/greco-roman-associations/?p=3611);</bibl> 134 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2025">Pernin 2014</ref>, no. 7, 55-56 (French)</bibl> 135 </div> 136 137 <div type="bibliography" subtype="other"> 138 <head>Bibliography</head> 139 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#l0092">Osborne 1988</ref> (Ph. Gauthier, <title>BE</title> 1989 261);</bibl> 140 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0109">Le Guen-Pollet 1991</ref>, no. 8;</bibl> 141 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0178">Jones 1999</ref>, <biblScope unit="page">250-253</biblScope>;</bibl> 142 <bibl>Ragone 2001 (<title>SEG</title> 49 2490);</bibl> 143 <bibl>Austin 2006, 150-151;</bibl> 144 <bibl><ref target=" GEIBibl/#bibl0200">Papazarkadas 2011</ref>, <biblScope unit="page">117-118</biblScope></bibl> 145 </div> 146 <div type="edition" xml:lang="grc" xml:space="preserve"> 147 <ab> 148 <lb n="1"/><w lemma="θεός"><supplied reason="lost">θε</supplied>οί</w>. 149 <lb n="2"/><w lemma="ὁ"><supplied reason="lost">ο</supplied>ἱ</w> <w lemma="ὀργεών">ὀργεῶνες</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μισθόω">ἐμίσθωσαν</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ἱερός">ἱερὸν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">το 150 <lb n="3" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">ῦ</supplied></w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0013"><name nymRef="Ἐγρέτης"><w lemma="Ἐγρέτης">Ἐγρέτου</w></name></persName> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0108"><name nymRef="Διόγνητος"><w lemma="Διόγνητος">Διογνήτωι</w></name> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0109"><name nymRef="Ἀρκεσίλας"><w lemma="Ἀρκεσίλας">Ἀρκεσίλου</w></name></persName></persName> <placeName ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0047"><w lemma="Μελιτεύς">Με 151 <lb n="4" break="no"/>λιτεῖ</w></placeName> <w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> <w lemma="δέκα">δέκα</w> <w lemma="ἔτος">ἔτη</w> <g type="dipunct"/> <num type="acrophonic" value="200">ΗΗ</num> <g type="dipunct"/> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμῶν</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ἐνιαυτός">ἐ 152 <lb n="5" break="no"/><surplus>ε</surplus>νιαυτοῦ</w> <w lemma="ἕκαστος">ἑκάστου</w>, <w lemma="χράω">χρῆ <space quantity="2" unit="character"/> σθαι</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="ἱερός">ἱ 153 <lb n="6" break="no"/>ερῶι</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="οἰκία">οἰκία<supplied reason="omitted">ι</supplied>ς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="ἐνοικοδομέω">ἐνωικοδ 154 <lb n="7" break="no"/>ομημέναις</w> <w lemma="ὡς">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ἱερός">ἱερῶι</w>. <w lemma="περιαλείφω">περιαλείψει</w> <w lemma="δέ">δ 155 <lb n="8" break="no"/>ὲ</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0108"><name nymRef="Διόγνητος"><w lemma="Διόγνητος">Διόγνητος</w></name></persName> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="τοῖχος">τοίχων</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="δέομαι">δε 156 <lb n="9" break="no"/>ομένους</w>, <w lemma="ἐνωικοδομέω">ἐνοικοδομήσει</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="κατασκευάζω">κατ 157 <lb n="10" break="no"/>ασκευᾶι</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ἀλλά">ἄλλ’</w> <w lemma="ὅταν">ὅ<supplied reason="omitted">τ</supplied>αν</w> <w lemma="τις">τι</w> <w lemma="βούλομαι">βούληται</w> <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> 158 <lb n="11"/><persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0108"><name nymRef="Διόγνητος"><w lemma="Διόγνητος">Διόγνητος</w></name></persName>. <w lemma="ὅταν">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <w lemma="χρόνος">χρόνος</w> <w lemma="ἐξίημι">ἐξίηι</w> <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> 159 <lb n="12"/><w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτῶι</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="δεκαετία">δεκαετίας</w>, <w lemma="ἄπειμι">ἄπεισιν</w> <w lemma="ἔχω">ἔχων</w> 160 <lb n="13"/><w lemma="ὁ">τὰ</w> <w lemma="ξύλον">ξύλα</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <w lemma="κέραμος">κέραμον</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰ</w> <w lemma="θύρωμα">θυρώ 161 <lb n="14" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">μ</supplied>ατα</w>, <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="δέ">δ’</w> <w lemma="ἄλλος">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="κινέω">κινήσει</w> <w lemma="οὐδείς">οὐθέν</w>. <w lemma="ἐπιμελέομαι">ἐπι 162 <lb n="15" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">μ</supplied>ελήσεται</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="δένδρον">δένδρων</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> 163 <lb n="16"/><w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="ἱερός">ἱερῶι</w> <w lemma="φύω">πεφυκότων</w>, <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ἄν">ἄν</w> <w lemma="τις">τι</w> <w lemma="ἐκλείπω">ἐγ 164 <lb n="17" break="no"/>λείπει</w>, <w lemma="ἀντεμβάλλω">ἀντεμβαλεῖ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="παραδίδωμι">παραδώσει</w> 165 <lb n="18"/><w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="ἀριθμός">ἀριθμόν</w>. <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μίσθωσις">μίσθωσιν</w></rs> 166 <lb n="19"/><rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀποδίδωμι">ἀποδώσει</w></rs> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0108"><name nymRef="Διόγνητος"><w lemma="Διόγνητος">Διόγνητος</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="ἀεί">ἀεὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ταμιεύω">ταμιε 167 <lb n="20" break="no"/>ύοντι</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ὀργεών">ὀργεώνων</w> <w lemma="ἕκαστος">ἑκάστου</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ἐνιαυτός">ἐν 168 <lb n="21" break="no"/>ιαυτοῦ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴμ</w> <w lemma="μέν">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ἥμισυς">ἡμίσεαν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰς</w> <g type="dipunct"/> <num type="acrophonic" value="100">Η</num> <g type="dipunct"/> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμὰ<supplied reason="lost">ς</supplied></w></rs> 169 <lb n="22"/><w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="Βοηδρομιών">Βοηδρομιῶνος</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆι</w> <w lemma="νουμηνία">νουμηνίαι</w>, <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> 170 <lb n="23"/><w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="λοιπός">λοιπὴν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰς</w> <g type="dipunct"/> <num type="acrophonic" value="100">Η</num> <g type="dipunct"/> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμὰς</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="Ἐλαφηβολιών">Ἐλα 171 <lb n="24" break="no"/>φηβολιῶνος</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆι</w> <w lemma="νουμηνία">νουμ<supplied reason="omitted">η</supplied>νίαι</w>. <w lemma="ὅταν">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> 172 <lb n="25"/><w lemma="θύω">θύωσιν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">οἱ</w> <w lemma="ὀργεών">ὀργεῶνες</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="ἥρως">ἥρωι</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="Βοηδρομιών">Βο 173 <lb n="26" break="no"/>ηδρομιῶνος</w>, <w lemma="παρέχω">παρέχειν</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0108"><name nymRef="Διόγνητος"><w lemma="Διόγνητος">Διόγνητον</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὁ">τ 174 <lb n="27" break="no"/>ὴν</w> <w lemma="οἰκία">οἰκίαν</w>, <w lemma="οὗ">οὗ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ἱερός">ἱερόν</w> <w lemma="εἰμί">ἐστιν</w>, <w lemma="ἀνοίγνυμι">ἀνεωιγ 175 <lb n="28" break="no"/>μένην</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="στέγη">στέγην</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ὀπτάνιον">ὀπτάνιον</w> <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> 176 <lb n="29"/><w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="κλίνη">κλίνας</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="τράπεζα">τραπέζας</w> <w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> <w lemma="δύο">δύο</w> <w lemma="τρίκλινος">τρ 177 <lb n="30" break="no"/>ίκλινα</w>. <w lemma="ἐάν">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="μή">μὴ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀποδίδωμι">ἀποδιδῶι</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴμ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μίσθωσις">μίσθ 178 <lb n="31" break="no"/>ωσιν</w></rs> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0108"><name nymRef="Διόγνητος"><w lemma="Διόγνητος">Διόγνητος</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="χρόνος">χρόνοις</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> 179 <lb n="32"/><w lemma="γράφω">γεγραμμένοις</w> <w lemma="ἤ">ἢ</w> <!-- problem: crasi -->τἆλλα <w lemma="μή">μὴ</w> <w lemma="ποιέω">ποεῖ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰ</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> 180 <lb n="33"/><w lemma="ὁ">τῆι</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μίσθωσις">μισθώσει</w></rs> <w lemma="γράφω">γεγραμμένα</w>, <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἄκυρος">ἄκυρος</w></rs> <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> 181 <lb n="34"/><w lemma="εἰμί">ἔστω</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτῶι</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ἡ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μίσθωσις">μίσθωσις</w></rs> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="στέρομαι">στερέσθω</w> 182 <lb n="35"/><w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ξύλον">ξύλων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="κέραμος">κεράμου</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> 183 <lb n="36"/><w lemma="θύρωμα">θυρωμάτων</w>, <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ἔξεστι">ἐξέστω</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ὀργεών">ὀργεῶσι</w> 184 <lb n="37"/><rs type="economic"><w lemma="μίσθωσις">μισθοῦν</w></rs> <w lemma="ὅστις">ὅτωι</w> <w lemma="ἄν">ἂν</w> <w lemma="βούλομαι">βούλωνται</w>. <w lemma="ἐάν">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="δέ">δέ</w> <w lemma="τις">τις</w> 185 <lb n="38"/><rs type="economic"><w lemma="εἰσφορά">εἰσφορὰ</w></rs> <w lemma="γίγνομαι">γίνηται</w>, <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="τίμημα">τιμήματος</w></rs> 186 <lb n="39"/><w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ὀργεών">ὀργεῶσιν</w> <w lemma="εἰμί">εἶναι</w>. <w lemma="ἀναγράφω">ἀναγράψαι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> 187 <lb n="40"/><w lemma="ὁ">τὴμ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μίσθωσις">μίσθωσιν</w></rs> <w lemma="ὅδε">τήνδε</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0108"><name nymRef="Διόγνητος"><w lemma="Διόγνητος">Διόγνητον</w></name></persName> <w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> 188 <lb n="41"/><w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="στήλη">στήλην</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ὑπάρχω">ὑπάρχουσαν</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="ἱερός">ἱ 189 <lb n="42" break="no"/>ερῶι</w>. <w lemma="χρόνος">χρόνος</w> <w lemma="ἄρχω">ἄρχει</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μίσθωσις">μισθώσεως</w></rs> <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> 190 <lb n="43"/><w lemma="ἄρχω">ἄρχων</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <w lemma="μετά">μετὰ</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0110"><name nymRef="Κόροιβος"><w lemma="Κόροιβος">Κόροιβον</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ἄρχων">ἄρχοντα</w>. <space quantity="3" unit="character"/> 191</ab> 192 </div> 193 194 195 <div type="apparatus" xml:lang="la"> 196 <head>Apparatus criticus</head> 197 <p> 198 l. 5: <foreign xml:lang="grc">χρῆ(vac.)σθαι</foreign> lapicidam ambiguum esse utrum <foreign xml:lang="grc">χρῆσθαι, χρήσασθαι</foreign> an <foreign xml:lang="grc">χρήσεσθαι</foreign> scriberet suspicatus est Dittenberger (<bibl><title level="m">Syll.</title><edition>3</edition></bibl> 1097, n. 2). 199 l. 10: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὅ<supplied reason="omitted">τ</supplied>αν τι</foreign> Wilhelm apud Lord: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ΟΣΑΝΤΙ</foreign> (<foreign xml:lang="grc">ὅσ᾽ἄν τι</foreign>) lapis : <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὡς ἄν τι</foreign> dub. Lord. 200 </p> 201 </div> 202 203 <div type="translation" xml:lang="en" xml:space="preserve"> 204 <head>Translation</head> 205 <lb/><p>Gods.</p> 206 <lb/><p>The <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign> leased the sanctuary of Egretes to Diognetos, son of Arkesilas, of Melite for ten years at a rent of 200 drachmas per year, so that he shall use the sanctuary and the houses that have been built inside it as a sactuary. 207 Diognetos shall whitewash the walls that need it and build and improve everything else he may wish. When his ten-year time expires, he shall leave bringing with him the timber parts, the tiles and the doors, but he shall not remove anything else. 208 He shall take care of the trees that have grown in the sanctuary, and if one dies, he shall replace it and give back the same amount. 209 Diognetos shall pay the rent to the member of the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign> who acts as treasurer each year, one half – 100 drachmas – on the first day of Boedromion and the rest – 100 drachmas – on the first day of Elaphebolion. 210 When the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign> sacrifice to the hero in Boedromion, Diognetos shall provide the house where the shrine is, accessible and with a roof, the kitchen, couches and tables for two triclinia. 211 If Diognetos does not pay the rent within the time written down or does not do something which is written down in the lease contract, let his lease be void and him be deprived of his timber parts, tiles and doors, let it be allowed to the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign> to lease to whoever they please. 212 If an <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">eisphora</foreign> is raised, let it fall on the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign> according to the wealth assessment. 213 Diognetos shall inscribe this lease contract upon the stele which is in the sactuary. The inception time of the lease is the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">archon</foreign> after <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">archon</foreign> Koroibos. 214 </p> 215 </div> 216 217 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en" xml:space="preserve"> 218 <head>Commentary</head> 219 <lb/><p>The sanctuary of Egretes, an otherwise unknown hero, is let to Diognetos for ten years at 200 drachmae a year (ll. 2-7), some rules concerning his rights and duties are given (ll. 7-18), followed by payment details (ll. 18-24). Diognetos will also have to partly cater for the yearly celebration of the hero (ll. 24-30). Should Diognetos fail to comply with the agreement terms, penalties are envisioned (ll. 30-37) and, in case an <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">eisphora</foreign> is levied, it is established it will be the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign>’ duty to pay it (ll. 37-39). 220 The text ends with the standard formula for the publication of the lease and the starting date (ll. 39-43).</p> 221 <lb/><p>The leasing of sacred property was a widespread activity attested – to limit the examples to Athens – for the polis, the demes, the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">gene</foreign> and the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign> (Faraguna 1992, 337-353; Papazarkadas 2011, 75-98; 135-160; 191-206; relevant documents concerning sacred property leases are also extant from Thespiai and Delos, all listed in Pernin 2014; cf. also Osborne 1988, 292-304). 222 According to a gloss of Didymos to Isocrates, cultic activities were often paid for by rents (Harp. s.v. <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀπὸ μισθωμάτων</foreign>, discussed in Osborne 1988, 288 and Papazarkadas 2011, 76). The very definition of sacred land as allegedly opposed to public or ‘secular’ land is very controversial; according to Papazarkadas, who also offers a summary of this long-standing debate, the following distinction could be made: sacred land was land which was owned by a deity and unalienable, whose revenues were used specifically for cults and whose cultivation may in some instances have been forbidden (Papazarkadas 2011, 2-13 and 243), but there is no unanimous consensus (for some objections to this attempt at categorization, see e.g. Rousset 2013).</p> 223 <lb/><p>In the case of the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign>, while Papazarkadas suggests that they owned both sacred land, such as the sanctuary of Egretes, and non-sacred land, whose sale is attested in the <foreign xml:lang="la">Rationes centesimarum</foreign> (Papazarkadas 2011, 198-204), Rousset is in favour of a more nuanced approach and casts doubts on the possibility of a sharp distinction between the two, which is not attested in the ancient sources (Rousset 2013, 118-119).</p> 224 <lb/><p>ll. 2-7: Only speculation is possible as to the reasons why the sanctuary was let: it has been argued that this points to a lack of financial resources (Austin 2006, no. 150, n. 3), but this is by no means sure. Rather, the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign> were thus securing a caretaker and a regular income (see the discussion in the introduction). It is also possible to surmise that the lessee was himself a member of the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign> (Walbank 1991, 160; Parker 1996, 110).</p> 225 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">[ο]ἱ ὀργεῶνες</foreign>: the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign> were a hereditary association, possibly the subdivision of a phratry, dedicated to the cult of a mostly foreign deity or, as in this case, of a hero; based on the reference to two <foreign xml:lang="la">triclinia</foreign> in ll. 29-30, the number of members can be estimated to have been between 18 and 30 (Ferguson-Nock 1944, esp. 79-81, Jones 1999, 250-253, Parker 1996, 109-111).</p> 226 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">Διογνήτωι Ἀρκεσίλου Με|λιτεῖ</foreign>. The identification of this Diognetos (<foreign xml:lang="en">LGPN</foreign> II, <foreign xml:lang="grc">Διόγνητος</foreign> 31) with some namesakes can only be hypothetical: he may have been the father of a councillor of the restored democracy in 304/3 (<foreign xml:lang="en">LGPN</foreign> II, <foreign xml:lang="grc">Διόγνητος</foreign> 32) and, given the rarity of the patronymic, the brother of Onetor, son of Arkesilas, of Melite (<foreign xml:lang="en">LGPN</foreign> II, <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ὀνήτωρ</foreign> 18), known as the lessee of a mine in the mid-340s. Should these identifications be accurate, he would be the member of a prominent family of the city deme of Melite, which is known to have performed a number of liturgies in the 4th century (<foreign xml:lang="en">APF</foreign> 11473; cf. Papazarkadas 2011, 204).</p> 227 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">τῶι ἱ|ερῶι καὶ ταῖς οἰκία<supplied reason="omitted">ι</supplied>ς ταῖς ἐνωικοδ|ομημέναις ὡς ἱερῶι. ὡς ἱερῷ</foreign> is predicative with <foreign xml:lang="grc">χρῆσθαι</foreign>. Diognetos is to use the sanctuary and its buildings in a way proper for a sanctuary, <foreign xml:lang="la">i.e.</foreign> in a respectful way (cf. <bibl><title level="a">Syll.</title><edition>3</edition></bibl> 1097, n. 4).</p> 228 <lb/><p>ll. 7-18: <foreign xml:lang="grc">περιαλείψει δ|ὲ Διόγνητος καὶ τῶν τοίχων τοὺς δε|ομένους</foreign>. Cf. <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 1672, l. 61 <foreign xml:lang="grc">εἰς τὴν περιαλιφὴν τοῦ τείχους</foreign> «for the smearing of whitewash on the wall».</p> 229 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐνοικοδομήσει δὲ καὶ κατ|ασκευᾶι καὶ ἄλλ’ ὅ<supplied reason="omitted">τ</supplied>αν τι βούληται</foreign>. Lord and Kloppenborg, Ascough differentiate in their translations between the two verbs <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐνοικοδομήσει</foreign>, «build therein», and <foreign xml:lang="grc">κατασκευᾶι</foreign> «put in order [by way of improvements]», «improve [by building]». Others treat the two verbs as synonyms (e.g. Austin, Hellmann, Osborne).</p> 230 <lb/><p>The emendation of <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὅσ᾽ἄν τι</foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὅ<supplied reason="omitted">τ</supplied>αν τι</foreign> was necessary, as <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὅσ᾽ἄν τι</foreign>, which is found on the stone, would be unparalleled in its two pronouns (cf. the apparatus for other proposals).</p> 231 <lb/><p>Similar provisions are also attested elsewhere (Behrend 1970, 122, Walbank 1991, 164, esp. n. 108 for a large amount of parallels): new construction work of some kind by the lessee is sometimes imposed as part of the contract (<bibl><title level="m">IG</title> I<edition>3</edition></bibl> 84, ll. 3-4, 30-32; <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 2496, ll. 13-17), sometimes simply allowed (<title level="m">SEG</title> 24 203, ll. 11-16 <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐνοι[κ]οδομεῖ|σθαι δὲ Θρασ[ύ]βουλον | ἐάν τι βούληται τοῖς | αὑτοῦ τέλ[ε]σιν ἐν τῶι | χωρίωι τῶι ἔξω τοῦ ὀχ|ετοῦ</foreign> «that Thrasybulos shall build, if he wishes, at his own expenses on the land outside the canal»), as in this case; some other times both conditions apply at the same time (<bibl><title level="m">IG</title> I<edition>3</edition></bibl> 84, ll. 33-34: [sc. <foreign xml:lang="grc">τὸν μισθοσάμενον</foreign>] <foreign xml:lang="grc">φυτεῦσαι φυτευτέρια ἐλαο͂ν μὲ ὄλεζον ἒ διακόσια, πλέονα δὲ ἐὰν βόλεται</foreign> «that the lessee shall plant no less than 200 olive trees, more if he wishes»).</p> 232 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἄπεισιν ἔχων | τὰ ξύλα καὶ τὸν κέραμον καὶ τὰ θυρώ|<supplied reason="lost">μ</supplied>ατα, τῶν δ’ ἄλλων κινήσει οὐθέν</foreign>. In contracts, <foreign xml:lang="grc">σκεύη</foreign>, «utensils» (roofs and doors included therein), were listed separately (Behrend 1970, 123-124): sometimes objects would be included in the lease (an inventory of objects in <title level="m">SEG</title> 21 644, l. 16 ff.; <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 2498, l. 23 ff. specifies that a building already has a roof), sometimes they would not (<title level="m">SEG</title> 24 203, ll. 18-23: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀπιέναι Θρασύβ|ουλον λαβόντα τὸν κέ|<supplied reason="omitted">ρ</supplied>αμον καὶ τὰ ξύλα κ<supplied reason="omitted">α</supplied>ὶ | τὰ θυρώματα, ἐὰμ μή τι | αὐτὸν πεί<supplied reason= "omitted">θ</supplied>ει Χάροψ</foreign> vac.| <foreign xml:lang="grc">καὶ οἱ ὀργεῶνες</foreign> «Thrasybulos shall leave taking the tiles, the timber parts and the doors, if Charops and the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">orgeones</foreign> do not persuade him otherwise»). The most extensive lists of objects, buildings or plants included in a lease are in a series of inscriptions from Delos (Pernin 2014 no. 86, 92, 97, 106, 108, 109, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, with items listed on tables 48-59): for almost every structure in the rented property it is specified whether or not it has a door (e.g. one of the fifteen pieces of land listed in Pernin 2014, no. 86 is rented with a <foreign xml:lang="grc">κλεισίον</foreign> with a door and a <foreign xml:lang="grc">θάλαμος</foreign>, a stable, a sheepfold and an oven without it). On the verb <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀπιέναι</foreign> in this context, cf. commentary on ll. 24-30 below.</p> 233 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπι|[μ]ελήσεται δὲ καὶ τῶν δένδρων τῶν (vac.) | ἐν τῶι ἱερῶι πεφυκότων, καὶ ἄν τι ἐγ|λείπει, ἀντεμβαλεῖ καὶ παραδόωσει | τὸν αὐτὸν ἀριθμόν</foreign>. From the 5th century onwards more laws were passed to protect sacred groves from intentional rather than unintentional damage, since the former became more frequent as deforestation in Greece had led to a lack of easily accessible timber (Jordan, Perlin 1984, esp. 158; on sacred groves, cf. also Ragone 2001). However, such provisions are also attested in other lease contracts for non-sacred spaces (<bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 1241, ll. 30-32, 2492.14 ff.; cf. Behrend 1970, 122, n. 107).</p> 234 <lb/><p>ll. 18-24: Deadlines could vary and, though no positive evidence is extant in this respect, it can be guessed that they somehow corresponded to particular needs of the lessor: in this case, the payment of one of the two instalments is due in Boedromion, when the yearly celebration for Egretes took place, for which the rent money was probably used (cf. introduction and commentary to ll. 2-7; cf. also Behrend 1970, 117-8, Papazarkadas 2011, 117-118). Deadlines at the beginning Boedromion (September/October) and Elaphebolion (March/April) for the two yearly instalments are also attested elsewhere (<bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 1241, ll. 25-28).</p> 235 <lb/><p>ll. 24-30: <foreign xml:lang="grc">παρέχειν Διόγνητον τ|ὴν οἰκίαν, οὗ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστιν, ἀνεωιγ|μένην καὶ στέγην καὶ τὸ ὀπτάνιον</foreign> (vac.) <foreign xml:lang="grc">| καὶ κλίνας καὶ τραπέζας εἰς δύο τρ|ίκλινα</foreign>. The identification of some of the single items on this list is disputed: <foreign xml:lang="grc">στέγη</foreign> has been translated as «shed» (Lord), «covered shelter» (Austin) and the like (Hellmann, Pernin); some (Lord, and Kloppenborg, Ascough) even suppose against the word order that <foreign xml:lang="grc">στέγη</foreign> is connected to the <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὀπτάνιον</foreign> and indicates a hut with an oven. The reference is allegedly to a hut which is temporarily set up for a feast and is mentioned in other inscriptions (Dittenberger in <bibl><title level="m">Syll</title>.<edition>3</edition></bibl> 1097, n. 11 lists <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 1492B l. 3, <title level="a">I.Kallatis</title> 36, l. 34, <bibl><title level="m">Syll</title>.<edition>3</edition></bibl> 979, l. 4, <title level="a">I.Smyrna</title> 753, l. 2). In all these four occurrences, however, the word is or has the root of <foreign xml:lang="grc">σκηνή</foreign>. It seems likelier that <foreign xml:lang="grc">στέγη</foreign> here indicates the roof (Behrend 1970, 123; Osborne 1988, 288): in another instance, it is specified that a building is already roofed and, probably, that it is to be returned in that condition (<bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 2498, ll. 23 ff.). In any case, the lack of a definite article (already noted by Lord 1889, 53 and Dittenberger) points to something indefinite and temporary: only the building (<foreign xml:lang="grc">τὴν οἰκίαν</foreign>) and the kitchen (<foreign xml:lang="grc">τὸ ὀπτάνιον</foreign>) are clearly defined and stable items and thus take the definite article, whereas the roof, the couches etc. need not be clearly identified, are just temporary and thus take no article. Hellmann, <foreign xml:lang="la">ad loc.</foreign> also notes that <foreign xml:lang="grc">τρίκλινα</foreign> needs not refer to a strictly three-couch dining hall, since the meaning of the word became more comprehensive and the number of couches per hall was usually seven.</p> 236 <lb/><p>According to Nicholas Jones, from these lines it is possible to infer that the rented property served as continuous residence for Diognetos and that it was his duty to temporarily vacate the property on the day of the yearly celebration for Egretes; continuous residence would also be confirmed by the use of the verb <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀπιέναι</foreign> used in l. 12 referring to the end of the lease (Jones 2000, esp. 81).</p> 237 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">τ|ην οἰκίαν, οὗ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστιν</foreign>. Dittenberger (<bibl><title level="m">Syll</title>.<edition>3</edition></bibl> 1097, n. 3) points out that the only way to make sense of this sentence is to assume that the usage of <foreign xml:lang="grc">τὸ ἱερόν</foreign> in ll. 2 and 5-6 and its usage here differ: in the former two cases, it clearly means «sanctuary», but in the latter it must refer to the shrine where the statue of the hero was kept.</p> 238 <lb/><p>ll. 37-39: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐὰν δέ τις | εἰσφορὰ γίνηται, ἀπὸ τοῦ τιμήματος | τοῖς ὀργεῶσιν εἶναι</foreign>. The <foreign xml:lang="grc">εἰσφορά</foreign> was a special direct tax imposed on wealthy citizens whose amount – at least from 378/7 BC – was proportionate to a citizen’s <foreign xml:lang="grc">τίμημα</foreign>, i.e. the assessment of his wealth (Christ 2007 with previous bibliography; the standard work on the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">eisphora</foreign> is Thomsen 1964, esp. 194-249 for the years after 378/7 BC; cf. also Hansen 1991, 112-115 and Canevaro 2016, 50-53). It is not to be considered an equivalent of a modern land tax, because the <foreign xml:lang="grc">τίμημα</foreign> was based not only on land, but on the whole capital owned by an individual and because the εἰσφορά was not levied on a regular basis (Pernin 2007, esp. 379-381). Out of seven cases known of Attic lease contracts which mention the <foreign xml:lang="grc">εἰσφορά</foreign>, five specify that the lessor has to pay for it (beside the present case, <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 1241, 2492, 2497, 2498), whereas only in two is the lessee accountable for it (<title level="m">SEG</title> 24 151, <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 2496; cf. Behrend 1970, 119-120, esp. nn. 91-92).</p> 239 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀπὸ τοῦ τιμήματος | τοῖς ὀργεῶσιν εἶναι</foreign>. This has been understood in two different ways, either «the associates are to pay it according to the valuation» (Osborne; similarly Austin, Pernin) or «it has to be deducted from the payment to the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">Orgeones</foreign>» (Lord; similarly Kloppenborg, Ascough). There would be parallels – though not strictly verbal parallels – for both (<bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 2496, ll. 25-27 <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐὰ|ν δέ [τι]ς εἰσφορὰ γίγνηται ἢ ἄλλο τι ἀπ[ότ]εισμα τρό|πωι ὁτωιοῦν, εἰσφέρειν Εὐκράτην κατὰ τὸ τίμημα κα|θ᾽ ἑπτὰ μνᾶς</foreign> «if an <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">eisphora</foreign> or another payment of some kind is levied, Eukrates shall pay for it according to the seven-mna evaluation»; <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> II<edition>2</edition></bibl> 2492, ll. 25-27 <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐὰν δὲ οἱ μισθωταὶ (sc. τὴν εἰσφορὰν) εἰσενέγκωσι, ὑπολο|γίζεσθαι εἰς τὴν μίσθωσιν</foreign> «if the lessees pay the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">eisphora</foreign>, let it be deducted from the rent»), but the former translation seems preferable, as <foreign xml:lang="grc">τίμημα</foreign> as «wealth assessment» (<title level="a">LSJ</title>, s.v. <foreign xml:lang="grc">τίμημα</foreign>, A6; see above) rather than «payment» (<title level="a">LSJ</title>, s.v. <foreign xml:lang="grc">τίμημα</foreign>, A3) is a technical term in the <foreign xml:lang="grc">εἰσφορά</foreign> collection process.</p> 240 <lb/><p>ll. 39-43: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀναγράψαι δὲ | τὴμ μίσθωσιν τήνδε Διόγνητον εἰς | τὴν στήλην τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν τῶι ἱ|ερῶι</foreign>. The slab was already in the sanctuary (<foreign xml:lang="grc">τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν τῶι ἱερῶι</foreign>) and probably bore another text: the present inscription is a palimpsest and Lord detects traces of letters of the same form and dimensions as those of the extant text and a larger letter at the beginning of l. 26, possibly belonging to yet another text (Lord 1889, 46).</p> 241 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἄρχων ὁ μετὰ Κόροιβον ἄρχοντα</foreign>. Koroibos was the eponymous <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">archon</foreign> in the year 306/5 BC (Meritt 1977, 171).</p> 242 <lb/> 243 <lb/> 244 <lb/><p>Austin, M. (2006), <title level="m">The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation</title>, Cambridge, 2nd edition</p> 245 <lb/><p>Austin, M.M. and P. Vidal-Naquet (1977), <title level="m">Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece. An Introduction</title>, Berkeley-Los Angeles</p> 246 <lb/><p>Behrend, D. (1970), <title level="m">Attische Pachturkunden. Ein Beitrag zur Beschreibung der <foreign xml:lang="grc">μίσθωσις</foreign> nach den griechischen Inschriften</title>, München</p> 247 <lb/><p>Canevaro, M. (2016), <title level="m">Demostene, “Contro Leptine”. Introduzione, traduzione e commento storico</title>, Berlin-Boston</p> 248 <lb/><p>Christ, M.R. (2007), 'The Evolution of the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">Eisphora</foreign> in Classical Athens', <title>CQ</title> 57, 53-69</p> 249 <lb/><p>Faraguna, M. (1992), <title level="m">Atene nell’età di Alessandro. Problemi politici, economici e finanziari</title> (Atti dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Memorie, s. IX, vol. II.2), Roma</p> 250 <lb/><p>Ferguson, W.S. and A.D. Nock (1944), 'The Attic Orgeones and the Cult of Heroes', <title>HThR</title> 37.2, i-iv, 61-174</p> 251 <lb/><p>Hansen, M.H. (1991), <title level="m">The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes</title>, Oxford</p> 252 <lb/><p>Hellmann, M.-Ch. (1999), <title level="m">Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques</title>, Lyon</p> 253 <lb/><p>Jones, N.F. (1999), <title level="m">The Associations of Classical Athens. The Response to Democracy</title>, New York-Oxford</p> 254 <lb/><p>Jones, N.F. (2000), 'Epigraphic Evidence for Farmstead Residence in Attica', <title>ZPE</title> 133, 75-90</p> 255 <lb/><p>Jordan, B. and J. Perlin (1984), 'On the Protection of Sacred Groves', in A.L. Boegehold and S. Dow (eds.), <title level="m">Studies presented to Sterling Dow on his eightieth birthday</title>, Durham, 153-159</p> 256 <lb/><p>Kloppenborg, J.S. and R.S. Ascough 2011, <title level="m">Greco-roman associations: texts, translations, and commentary. Vol. 1: Attica, Central Greece, Macedonia, Thrace</title>, Boston-Berlin</p> 257 <lb/><p>Le Guen-Pollet, B. (1991), <title level="m">La vie religieuse dans le monde grec du Ve au IIIe siècle avant notre ère. Choix de documents épigraphiques traduits et commentés</title>, Toulouse</p> 258 <lb/><p>Lord, G.D. (1889), 'An Attic Lease Inscription', <title>AJA</title> 3, 44-53</p> 259 <lb/><p>Meritt, B.D. (1977), 'Athenian Archons 347/6 – 48/7 B.C.', <title>Historia</title> 26, 161-191</p> 260 <lb/><p>Osborne, R. (1988), 'Social and Economic Implications of the Leasing of Land and Property in Classical and Hellenistic Greece', <title>Chiron</title> 18, 279-329</p> 261 <lb/><p>Papazarkadas, N. (2011), <title level="m">Sacred and Public Land in Ancient Athens</title>, Oxford</p> 262 <lb/><p>Parker, R. (1996), <title level="m">Greek Religion</title>, Oxford</p> 263 <lb/><p>Pernin, I. (2007), 'L’impôt foncier existait-il en Grèce ancienne?', in J. Andreau and V. Chankowski (eds.), <title level="m">Vocabulaire et expression de l’économie dans le monde antique</title>, Bordeaux, 369-383</p> 264 <lb/><p>Pernin, I. (2014), <title level="m">Les baux ruraux en Grèce ancienne : corpus épigraphique et étude</title>, Lyon</p> 265 <lb/><p>Ragone, G. (2001), 'Dentro l’àlsos. Economia e tutela del bosco sacro nell’antichità classica', in C. Albore Livadie and F. Ortolani (eds.), <title level="m">Il sistema uomo-ambiente tra passato e presente</title>, Bari, 11-25</p> 266 <lb/><p>Rousset, D. (2013), 'Sacred property and Public Property in the Greek City', <title>JHS</title>, 133, 113-133</p> 267 <lb/><p>Thomsen, R. (1964), <title level="m">Eisphora. A Study of Direct Taxation in Ancient Athens</title>, Copenhagen</p> 268 <lb/><p>Walbank, M.B. (1991), 'III. Leases of Public Lands', in G.V. Lalonde, M.K. Langdon and M.B.Walbank, <title level="m">The Athenian Agora, XIX. Inscriptions: Horoi, Poletai Records, Leases of Public Lands</title>, Princeton, 145-207</p> 269 </div> 270 271 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 272 <head>Author</head> 273 <p> Cosimo Paravano</p> 274 <lb/> 275 276 </div> 277 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 278 <head>Last update</head> 279 <p>January 2019</p> 280 </div> 281 282 283 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 284 <head>DOI</head> 285 <p> 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI023</p> 286 </div> 287 288 </body> 289 </text> 290</TEI>