GEI032
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Translation:
Resolved by the Boule and the Demos, proposal of the prytaneis: considering that Lucius Aufidius Bassus, son of Lucius, continues in all matters to be kind both to the city in common and to each of the citizens individually, having inherited his father’s goodwill towards our people, and has rendered many and great services to the city and remitted several amounts of money with magnificence and goodness; considering that his father, at the time when the Common War had arisen and the incessantly recurring pirate raids forced our island to overburden itself with debts in no ordinary manner, he alone and the first among those who had drawn up a contract with us, placing the safety of the city before his own profit, lent us as much money as we proposed most eagerly, at much lower interest in comparison to those current at the time, and that he showed leniency about this matter for his whole life and continued saying and doing in any circumstance whatever was better and useful for the city and because of these good services our people, having actually experienced the benefits coming from his good deeds, immediately bestowed the proper honours on him by decree; considering that (Lucius Aufidius Bassus), after having succeeded his father contended in goodwill towards the city, and that two contracts left to him by his father towards the city at an interest rate of 1/6, one of 11,000 Attic drachms and the other one of 19,500 Attic drachms, he carried over without receiving any money, because the people begged him to do so, and for the other debts he drew a simple interest at the rate of one drachm for several years, going back to the time of the contracts; considering that, having granted a more considerable sum of money, he surpassed himself in good deeds towards the people again: the capital gathered according to the fairest reckoning, he put under contract for another period of five years at an interest of 4 obols; considering that, as this period of time had elapsed and many other years gone by in addition, as we were not able to pay back the money we owed him because of charges imposed by others and because of this many profits had been accumulated and the city was in the utmost danger, considering again that in the present circumstances it would have been a sign of devotion and magnificence for him to bestow upon our country the proper care, as the island was ancient and sacred, and that his good reputation among people and the safety of the city meant much more to him than his wealth, he gave again a large amount of money to the people, not only remitting large amounts of capital from what we owed him but consenting to grant us a period of 11 years to give him back the money we persuaded him to give us, without imposing any rate of interest, in order to preserve, as far as it was possible for him, the island and us all on it, becoming to us the source of the greatest benefits; considering that he stayed in our city for a long period of time and behaved wisely, nobly and kindly towards anyone and our people don’t admire and honour him less for this reason and are thankful to him for his absolutely genuine affection for everybody; considering that in any other matter, as he had a just and pious opinion and spoke with proper frankness, he stopped, as far as it was possible for him, those who overloaded us and gave the rightful support to those who were unjustly in danger; considering that he displays his zeal totally and in any circumstances when the interests of the city are at stake; in order to make clear that our people express the proper gratitude towards their benefactors. About this, with Good Fortune! The Boule and the demos decreed that (he) should be praised [ - - - ] Commentary:
The date of the inscription is firmly anchored in the first half of the first century BC; there are no precise or explicit chronological data in the text, but the mention of a κοινὸς πόλεμος at l. 8 leaves two possible options: either the campaign against pirates by Pompey in 67 (so Boeckh in CIG II 2335; Dareste 1884, 363; Billeter 1898, 94; and Maróti 1962, esp. 125-126) or the war Rome and her allies fought against Mithridates from 88 to 84 BC (this historical context is preferred by Hiller von Gaetringen in IG XII 5 860; Bogaert 1968, 193 with n. 346; L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 224). So the activity of Lucius Aufidius Bassus’ father on Tenos can be dated as roughly between 88 and 67 BC. After that, several years must have gone by before the proposal and approval of a decree for his son; although an exact assessment of how many years is impossible, the decree in honour of Lucius Aufidius Bassus can be dated to around the middle of the century with a good degree of likelihood.
The stele carries precisely the text of this honorific decree for Lucius Aufidius Bassus, issued by the community of the Tenians. The part of the document which focuses on the motives why this man deserved such an honour provides a very detailed account of these reasons and dwells at length upon then (a bit verbosely), from l. 1 to l. 54, i.e. the largest part of what remains. The hortatory intent is limited to a short formula between l. 54 and 56, then the resolution formula is preserved (both the Boule and the Demos of Tenos are involved in the resolution). However, the part in which the honours awarded to Lucius Aufidius Bassus presumably were listed has been lost (Hiller von Gaertringen estimated the extent of this missing final portion of the document to be about 30 lines). According to the hypothesis of Payne 1984, 278; these might have been of proxeny status, other honours attendant with proxeny, title of Benefactor and perhaps even the dedication of a statue. Perhaps the lost lines also contained dispositions for the inscribing and the collocation of the stone(s) with the text of the honorific decree. The plural “stones” in the previous sentence may be a correct guess, since there are two known inscriptions from Tenos – IG XII 5 860 and SEG 29 756 – carrying the same text of the decree. It is likely that at least two copies of the decree were provided for, perhaps to be displayed in two different “significant” places in the topography of the city (one in the agora and the other in the polyadic sanctuary, as suggested by Étienne 1979, 148), such was the will of the Tenians to properly honour their benefactor and to make him and his family a public example of generosity.
As to the family of the honorand, in this case - even if it is not so surprising or uncommon - family history matters: indeed, there are two prominent personalities making their appearance in the document, and next to Lucius Aufidius Bassus, the honorand of this decree, there is his father Lucius Aufidius. Lucius Aufidius Senior has been identified with a homonymous banker previously known on Delos at the end of the 2nd century/beginning of the 1st century BC (Hatzfeld 1919, 43; Hatzfeld 1912, 19 no. 4; I.Délos 1728, cf. Bogaert 1976, no. 6; I.Délos 1729; Hatzfeld and Roussel 1910, 398-399 nos. 44-45). From the text of the inscription, it can be assumed that at least for a limited period of time he moved his business to Tenos and maybe died here. This most probably happened towards the end of his life and may have involved only a part of his business. For a more detailed commentary on the career of this man, see Bogaert 1968, 190 and 195-196 and, more recently, Mendoni, Zoumbaki 2008, 212-213. Most importantly, the elder Lucius Aufidius was also a great benefactor of the Tenians, and the decree states (l. 18) that he too was properly honoured as such by a decree. Although this earlier text is not extant, it was evidently taken into account – with all its content and the history of the relationship between the Tenians and the honorand of that decree – when his son was to be honoured, and it was most likely not very different in character and tone from the one dedicated to his son.
After the death of the father, his son took over his financial and maybe banking business on Tenos. Most importantly for those who drew up the text of this decree, Lucius Aufidius Bassus was the worthy successor of his father with respect to his behaviour towards the city of Tenos, following his father’s path in generously financing it in hard times. Judging from the extent of Lucius Aufidius Bassus’ patience and generosity towards the Tenians, L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 228 was right in assuming he could rely on a considerable personal wealth, most likely as a result of his father’s and his own efforts in business, or he would not have taken such risks. Maybe Lucius Aufidius Bassus was not staying on Tenos anymore when this decree was passed, since his stay is referred to in the aorist past (l. 45 ἐπιδημήσας), although his behaviour towards the Tenians is described in the present tense (so Bogaert 1968, 196 and L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 225). In any event, with this decree and the decree for Lucius Aufidius Senior, the Tenians showed how much they cared about their relationship with the Aufidii family and how great was their desire to maintain a strong bond with their benefactors. For a more detailed commentary on the life and activity of Lucius Aufidius Bassus see Mendoni, Zoumbaki 2008, 214-218.
These introductory elements should allow the reader to frame the inscription in a broader picture; the following commentary will mainly focus on discussing economic aspects related to this inscription. In order to give a full and clear account, the text will be considered in small portions commented upon separately:
ll. 1-7: The text sums up in general terms the reasons why Lucius Aufidius Bassus is honoured by the people of Tenos; his “good deeds” consisted mainly in financial benefits towards the city, since “he remitted several amounts of money” (l. 7).
ll. 7-18: This rather long digression on the activity of the honorand’s father on the island is not only meant to make a proper display of a significant family precedent for the goodwill of Lucius Aufidius Bassus towards the city and of the good financial relations between Tenos and the family (see discussion above), but it is also necessary to go back to the loans granted by the father to Tenos to give some measure of the son’s generosity. When there was the “Common War” and the pirates tormented the island with their continuous raids, the city went deeply in debt, probably because it had to face high defence expenditures and maybe also to give some contribution, financial or material, to the military actions. The city drew up written contracts with its creditors about these loans (l. 10 τῶν συνηλαχότων). Lucius Aufidius Senior, alone among those creditors, made the sum agreed upon immediately available to the city and granted a rate of interest that was more favourable than that current at the time. What’s more important, the text states he “was patient” about this matter throughout his whole life: he probably granted delays in payment to the city on various occasions, and maybe remissions of a part of the debt. Because of this, the city had already paid him an honour similar to the one it was bestowing on his son.
ll. 19-23: At his father’s death, Lucius Aufidius Bassus inherited two credits the former had with the Tenians. These credits had been granted at an interest rate of 1/6 (ἕκτων τόκων; see further in the commentary for the textual and interpretative problems posed by this expression), about 16.7 %, which is per se rather high, but reasonable enough if compared with rates known from other contemporary and similar situations, when the transaction was between ruthless Roman financiers and Greek cities which were in such a miserable state to be forced to accept much heavier conditions, without any possibility to pick and choose or alternative. An example is the transaction between the city of Gytheion and the Cloatii (IG V 1 1146 and L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 90-96 no. 24), which initially set a rate of interest of 48%. So in this case the creditor (Lucius Aufudius Bassus’ father) was undoubtedly generous in a certain way.
The reading ἐκ τῶν τόκων at l. 21 gave commentators no little trouble in the past: it was not easy to understand what the meaning of two written contracts (συνγραφαί) inherited by the son “as a result of the interest”/ “because of the interest”. The expression συγγραφή/συγγραφαὶ ἐκ τῶν τόκων has no parallel in ancient sources. Some commentators hazarded that these contracts were stipulated from accumulated interest (Billeter 1898, 95 and Dareste 1884, 363) or because of unpaid interest (Hatzfeld 1919, 205 n. 3), but these hypotheses are very far from satisfactory and find no basis in ancient documents of economic nature, as already stated above. According to L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226, the term συγγραφή: “dans le crédit public … désigne toujours le contract original réglant le conditions de l’emprunt". In general, such a strict limitation for the term may be questioned; from mid-4th century BC, it is used quite flexibly to define several types of transactions and the term itself without further specification can hardly be taken as a “label” to classify the type of transaction that was registered in that document, let alone the conditions the two parties agreed upon during the transaction (cf. Bianchini 1979). In 1st century BC, four additional cases are known where Greek cities were grated loans by Romans – L. Migeotte, Emprunt 24, 75, 95 and 105, and in these cases the lexical choices to denote the involved “contracts” and transactions are either συγγραφή or συνάλλαγμα. Nevertheless Migeotte’s interpretation fits very well in this specific case, especially if you accept the reading ἕκτων by Étienne (cf. infra) instead of ἐκ τῶν: in this commentary the συγγραφαί mentioned at l. 20 are interpreted as the original contracts stipulated between Lucius Aufidius Senior and the city to regulate the conditions of the loans he granted to the Tenians.
Bogaert 1979, 129 suggested a different solution by connecting the expression ἐκ τῶν τόκων at l. 21 (probably a mistake for ἐκ<τός>) with the verb ἐλοιπογράφησεν at l. 23: in his interpretation Lucius Aufidius would have allowed the capital to remain in arrear, but would have remitted the outstanding interest (his translation: “et deux contrats laissés à lui par son père contre la cité, il les a inscrits pour solde excepté les intérêts”). The solution of the problem comes with the reading ἕκτων τόκων by Étienne 1979, 146, which is accepted in the text by Migeotte and is based on good comparison in ancient use (singular or plural genitive case is frequently used for expressions indicating interest rates, see L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226 n. 326 and 270 n. 40; loans at an interest rate of 1/6 are rarely, but certainly attested, see Étienne 1979, 146): both the translation and the commentary here given are based on this reading. According to this interpretation, the son inherited two contracts from his father at an interest rate of 1/6 and although he had the right to exact repayment according to the terms of the contracts, he granted the city a moratorium. He didn’t exact the money the Tenians owed him (he didn’t get back the capital his father lent; it isn’t certain if he remitted the outstanding interest or not) and simply extended the loans at the same rate of interest; in the current translation “he carried them over”. (The verb λοιπογραφέω, known only from epigraphic and papyrological sources, has not always been correctly interpreted by commentators: see Dareste 1884, 363, “il en fit remise gratuitement”, followed by Hatzfeld 1919, 84 and 208, n. 2 and 3, and Ziebarth 1929, 116 n. 113; for the correct meaning inscrire pour solde see Bogaert 1979, 129; L. Robert, OMS IV, 204 and L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226 n. 328).
The sums at ll. 22-23 (11,000 and 19,500 Attic drachms) evidently represent the capital Lucius Aufidius Senior originally lent to the Tenians (Bogaert 1968, 193; Bogaert 1979, 129; L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226-227), and not, as Hatzfeld 1919, 205 no. 3 supposed, the joint amount of the capital and the accumulated interest.
ll. 24-25: The text reads ἄλλα δάνεια: apart from Billeter, who thought this was the capital Lucius Aufidius Senior originally lent to the Tenians, in opposition to the συγγραφαί of l. 20, which according to his interpretation were contracts regarding only accumulated interest on that original capital (Billeter 1898, 96 n. 1), all previous commentators simply assumed this to be other, different credits Lucius Aufidius Bassus inherited from his father, in addition to those two mentioned separately at l. 20 (see for example Bogaert 1968, 194 and Hatzfeld 1919, 208 with n. 3). L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226 emphasizes the strong opposition μέν-δέ in the Greek text, between καὶ δύο μὲν συνγραφὰς καταλελειμμένας ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῶι (ll. 20-21) and τοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις δανείοις (l. 24): he suggests that it is possible that the city incurred these debts more recently and not with Lucius Aufidius’ father, but directly with Lucius Aufidius himself. In any case, these contracts expired as well, but the city managed again to get a moratorium from Lucius Aufidius and, most importantly, a significant reduction of the interest rate to a drachm per mina and per month, with retroactive effect, i.e. backdating to the time these contracts had been drawn up. The text states explicitly that the interest is simple (ἐξ εὐθυτοκίας), and this probably suggests that the creditor had originally required a compound interest to be registered as a condition in the contracts. This switch from compound to simple interest was a major advantage to the city, and a very generous concession by Lucius Aufidius Bassus.
l. 26: The text states that Lucius Aufidius Bassus granted to the city “a more considerable sum of money” and this is open to two different interpretations: either the same concession as in ll. 24-25 (Hatzfeld 1919, 208-209 esp. n. 4; Bogaert 1968, 194) or (better: cf. comparative ἱκανώτερον) another, different credit granted to the city by Lucius Aufidius Bassus, and in this case he granted a more considerable sum of money than the sums involved in the previous transactions (Dareste 1884, 363; Billeter 1898, 97-98, L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226-227).
ll. 27-29: Here there is another major concession by Lucius Aufidius Bassus to the Tenians: he grants them a renewal of all the debts the city has accumulated over time towards him and his father, by drawing up a contract lasting 5 years at a very favourable interest rate of 4 obols (8%). Presumably, it was no simple matter to handle: they had to resort to “the fairest reckoning” to establish exactly the status of the debts, capital and unpaid interest involved in the different transactions over time.
ll. 30-45: This is the apex of Aufidius’ generosity towards the Tenians: the time being long overdue, the city is still not able to pay him back, even at the very favourable conditions he had granted them in the last transaction (ll. 27-29). Tenos is in “utmost danger”, probably under constant threat of an attack during the Roman civil wars, debt laden and very likely victim of war requisitions/tributes (l. 31 ... because of charges imposed by others ...). In these circumstances, the text says, Lucius Aufidius Bassus remitted a large part of the debt and granted an interest-free respite of 11 years for the payment of the money the city still owed him. He clearly, completely, gave in to the Tenians’ pleas: it is no surprise to find him honoured as a saviour of the island and the citizens. Perhaps the Tenians also owed him another important kind of “financial” support during the rough times of the civil wars: at l. 51-52 the text says that Lucius Aufidius Bassus “stopped, as far as it was possible for him, those who overloaded (ἐπιβαροῦντας: note the same lexical choice as in l. 31, τὰς ὑφ’ ἑτέρων γειν[ο]μένας ἐπιβαρήσεις) the Tenians. It could be inferred that Lucius Aufidius Bassus went so far as to choose in some case to exploit his influence to try to prevent overwhelming Roman pressure (or more in general, other less accommodating creditors’ claims) from completely wrecking the finances of Tenos, maybe by acting himself as a sort of intermediary/negotiator on behalf of the city.
To conclude, probably Tenos was at last able to repay what was left of its debts, honouring the deadline, otherwise there would have been mention of further transactions between the city and Aufidius Bassus in order to display the full amount of his generosity.
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Tenos. Honorary decree for Lucius Aufidius Bassus
[ἔδοξε τ]ῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ, πρυτάνεων γνώμη· ἐπεὶ [Λεύ-]
κιος Αὐφίδιος Λευκίου υἱὸς Βάσσος διὰ παντὸς εὔνους ὢ[ν]
διατελεῖ καὶ κατὰ κοινὸν τῇ πόλει καὶ καθ’ ἰδίαν ἑκάστῳ τῶ[ν]
πολιτῶν, πατροπαράδοτον παρειληφὼς τὴν πρὸς τὸν δῆμο[ν]
5ἡμῶν εὔνοιαν, καὶ πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας τῇ πόλει παρέσχηται
χρείας, μεγαλοπρεπῶς τε καὶ φιλαγάθως πολλῶν χρημάτων ἄφε-
σιν πεποίηται· ὅ τε πατὴρ αὐτοῦ, καθ’ ὃν καιρὸν ἐπιγενόμενος ὁ
κοινὸς πόλεμος καὶ συνεχεῖς πειρατῶν ἐπίπλοι τὴν νῆσον οὐ-
χ ὡς ἔτυχεν συνηνάγκασαν ὑπὸ τῶν δανείων ἐπιβαρηθῆ-
10ναι, μόνος καὶ πρῶτος τῶν συνηλαχότων, πρὸ πλείονος ἡγη-
σάμενος τὴν τῆς πόλεως σωτηρίαν ἢ τὸ περὶ τὸν ἴδιον βίον
λυσιτελές, χρημάτων πλῆθος, ὅσον προῃρούμεθα, προθυμό-
τατα ἔδωκεν ἐξ ἑτοίμου τόκων πολὺ κουφοτέρων παρὰ τοὺς [ὑ-]
πάρχοντας τότε, τούτων τε συνπεριφορὰν ἐποιήσατο πάν-
15τα τὸν τῆς ζωῆς χρόνον, διετέλει τε λέγων καὶ πράττων
διὰ παντὸς τὰ βέλτιστα καὶ συνφέροντα τῇ πόλει· ἐφ’ οἷς ὁ δῆ-
μος ἡμῶν, ἔργῳ λαβὼν πεῖραν τῶν ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ γεγονυιῶν εὐε[ρ-]
γεσιῶν παραχρῆμα τὰς καθηκούσας ἐψηφίσατο τιμὰς αὐτ[ῷ]·
διαδεξάμενός τ’ αὐτὸς ἐπηγωνίσατο τῆι πρὸς τὴν πόλιν εὐ̣-
20νοίᾳ, καὶ δύο μὲν συνγραφὰς καταλελειμμένας ὑπὸ τοῦ πα-
τρὸς αὐτῶι κατὰ τῆς πόλεως ἕκτων τόκων, τὴν μὲν μίαν δρα̣-
χμῶν Ἀττικῶν μυρίων χιλίων, τὴν δ’ ἑτέραν Ἀττικῶν μυρίων ἐ-
νακισχιλίων πεντακοσίων, ἐλοιπογράφησεν χωρὶς ἀργυρίου κομι-
δῆς παρακληθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου· τοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις δανείοις ἄνωθεν
25ἀπὸ τῶν συνγραφῶν δραχμιαῖον τόκον ἐξ εὐθυτοκίας ἵλκυσεν [ἐ-]
τῶν καὶ πλείονων, καὶ συνχωρήσας πλῆθος χρημάτων ἱκανώτ[ε-]
ρον, πάλιν ἁτὸν ἐν τῇ πρὸς τὸν δῆμον ὑπερέθετ’ εὐεργεσίᾳ· τὸ
γὰρ συναχθὲν ἐκ τῆς ἐπιεικεστάτης ψήφου κεφάλαιον εἰς ἄλ-
λον πενταετῆ συνεγράψατο χρόνον τόκου τετρωβόλου· δι-
30ελθόντος δὲ καὶ τούτου καὶ πλειόνων ἄλλων ἐτῶν ἐπιγε[νο-]
μένων, καὶ μὴ δυνηθέντων ἡμῶν διὰ τὰς ὑφ’ ἑτέρων γειν[ο-]
μένας ἐπιβαρήσεις ἀποδοῦναι τὰ ὀφειλόμενα αὐτῶι, καὶ διὰ
ταῦτα συναθροισθέντων διαφόρων πλειόνων καὶ τῆς πό[λε-]
ως ἐν τοῖς ἐσχάτοις ὑπαρχούσης κινδύνοις, πάλιν ἐν τοῖς [πα-]
35ροῦσι καιροῖς ἡγησάμενος εὐσεβὲς καὶ μεγαλοπρεπὲς ὑπ[άρ-]
χειν ἑαυτῷ τὴν προσήκουσαν τῆς πατρίδος ἡμῶν ποιήσασ[θαι]
φροντίδα, ἀρχαίας νήσου καὶ ἱερᾶς ὑπαρχούσης, εἶναί θ’ ἑαυτ[ῶι]
πλούτου παντὸς κρείττονα πόλεως σωτηρίαν καὶ τὴν π[αρὰ]
πᾶσιν ἀγαθὴν εὐφημίαν, πολλὰ πάλιν χρήματ’ ἐπέδω[κε τῶι]
40δήμωι, οὐ μόνον ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφειλομένων αὐτῶι μεγάλ[α ἀφ]ελὼ[ν]
κεφάλαια, ἀλλὰ καὶ χρόνον εἰς τὴν ἀπόδοσιν ὧν ἐπείσ-
θη δοὺς ἑνδεκαετῆ, καὶ τοῦτον ἄτοκον, χάριν τοῦ κατὰ
τὸ δυνατόν, ὅσον ἐπ’ αὐτῷ, τὴν νῆσον καὶ πάντας ἡμᾶς
ἐν αὐτῇ συντηρηθῆναι, γενόμενος τῶν μεγίστων ἡμεῖ[ν]
45παραίτιος ἀγαθῶν· ἐπιδημήσας τε ἡμῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει πλεί-
ονα χρόνον σώφρονα καὶ σεμνὴν καὶ πᾶσιν προσηνῆ τὴν
ἀναστροφὴν ποιεῖται· ἐφ’ οἷς οὐχ ἧττον ὁ δῆμος ἡμῶν αὐ-
τὸν καὶ διὰ ταῦτα θαυμάζει τε καὶ τιμᾷ, καὶ εἰλι[κρινῶ]ς [γ]νησ[ί-]
αν ἔχοντι πρὸς πάντας φιλοστοργίαν εὐχαρισ[τ]εῖ· ἔν τε
50τοῖς ἄλλοις πᾶσιν ὡ[ς] δικαίαν καὶ εὐσεβῆ γνώμην ἔχων καὶ ἁ[ρ-]
μοζούσῃ παρρησίᾳ χρώμενος εἰς ἐπίστασιν καθέστακεν [ὅ-]
σον ἐπ’ αὐτῷ τοὺς ἐπιβαροῦντας, καὶ τοῖς ἀδίκως κινδυν[εύου-]
σι δικαίαν παρέχεται βοήθειαν, [π]άν[τω]ς̣ τε ἐν παντὶ καιρ[ῷ] πρό-
θυμον ἁτὸν ἐπιδίδωσιν ἐπὶ τὰ τῆς πόλεως πράγματα· ὅ-
55πως οὖν καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἡ[μῶν] φαίνηται τὰς ἐπιβαλλούσας
τοῖς εὐεργέταις ἀποδιδούς χάρ<ιτ>ας, πε[ρὶ δὴ τούτων], [ἀ-]
γαθῇ τύχῃ, δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ, ἐ[παινέσαι - - - ]
[ - - - ]ΕΚΑΙΤΗΣ[ - - - ]
[ - - - ]ΟΥ[ - - - ]
60[ - - - ]Σ̣ΡΦ̣ΙΛΛΜ̣[ - - - ]
[ - - - - - - - - - - ]
[ - - - ]I[ - - - ]
[ - - - - - - - - - - ]
(seqq. vv. fere 26 valde detriti)
κιος Αὐφίδιος Λευκίου υἱὸς Βάσσος διὰ παντὸς εὔνους ὢ[ν]
διατελεῖ καὶ κατὰ κοινὸν τῇ πόλει καὶ καθ’ ἰδίαν ἑκάστῳ τῶ[ν]
πολιτῶν, πατροπαράδοτον παρειληφὼς τὴν πρὸς τὸν δῆμο[ν]
5ἡμῶν εὔνοιαν, καὶ πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας τῇ πόλει παρέσχηται
χρείας, μεγαλοπρεπῶς τε καὶ φιλαγάθως πολλῶν χρημάτων ἄφε-
σιν πεποίηται· ὅ τε πατὴρ αὐτοῦ, καθ’ ὃν καιρὸν ἐπιγενόμενος ὁ
κοινὸς πόλεμος καὶ συνεχεῖς πειρατῶν ἐπίπλοι τὴν νῆσον οὐ-
χ ὡς ἔτυχεν συνηνάγκασαν ὑπὸ τῶν δανείων ἐπιβαρηθῆ-
10ναι, μόνος καὶ πρῶτος τῶν συνηλαχότων, πρὸ πλείονος ἡγη-
σάμενος τὴν τῆς πόλεως σωτηρίαν ἢ τὸ περὶ τὸν ἴδιον βίον
λυσιτελές, χρημάτων πλῆθος, ὅσον προῃρούμεθα, προθυμό-
τατα ἔδωκεν ἐξ ἑτοίμου τόκων πολὺ κουφοτέρων παρὰ τοὺς [ὑ-]
πάρχοντας τότε, τούτων τε συνπεριφορὰν ἐποιήσατο πάν-
15τα τὸν τῆς ζωῆς χρόνον, διετέλει τε λέγων καὶ πράττων
διὰ παντὸς τὰ βέλτιστα καὶ συνφέροντα τῇ πόλει· ἐφ’ οἷς ὁ δῆ-
μος ἡμῶν, ἔργῳ λαβὼν πεῖραν τῶν ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ γεγονυιῶν εὐε[ρ-]
γεσιῶν παραχρῆμα τὰς καθηκούσας ἐψηφίσατο τιμὰς αὐτ[ῷ]·
διαδεξάμενός τ’ αὐτὸς ἐπηγωνίσατο τῆι πρὸς τὴν πόλιν εὐ̣-
20νοίᾳ, καὶ δύο μὲν συνγραφὰς καταλελειμμένας ὑπὸ τοῦ πα-
τρὸς αὐτῶι κατὰ τῆς πόλεως ἕκτων τόκων, τὴν μὲν μίαν δρα̣-
χμῶν Ἀττικῶν μυρίων χιλίων, τὴν δ’ ἑτέραν Ἀττικῶν μυρίων ἐ-
νακισχιλίων πεντακοσίων, ἐλοιπογράφησεν χωρὶς ἀργυρίου κομι-
δῆς παρακληθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου· τοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις δανείοις ἄνωθεν
25ἀπὸ τῶν συνγραφῶν δραχμιαῖον τόκον ἐξ εὐθυτοκίας ἵλκυσεν [ἐ-]
τῶν καὶ πλείονων, καὶ συνχωρήσας πλῆθος χρημάτων ἱκανώτ[ε-]
ρον, πάλιν ἁτὸν ἐν τῇ πρὸς τὸν δῆμον ὑπερέθετ’ εὐεργεσίᾳ· τὸ
γὰρ συναχθὲν ἐκ τῆς ἐπιεικεστάτης ψήφου κεφάλαιον εἰς ἄλ-
λον πενταετῆ συνεγράψατο χρόνον τόκου τετρωβόλου· δι-
30ελθόντος δὲ καὶ τούτου καὶ πλειόνων ἄλλων ἐτῶν ἐπιγε[νο-]
μένων, καὶ μὴ δυνηθέντων ἡμῶν διὰ τὰς ὑφ’ ἑτέρων γειν[ο-]
μένας ἐπιβαρήσεις ἀποδοῦναι τὰ ὀφειλόμενα αὐτῶι, καὶ διὰ
ταῦτα συναθροισθέντων διαφόρων πλειόνων καὶ τῆς πό[λε-]
ως ἐν τοῖς ἐσχάτοις ὑπαρχούσης κινδύνοις, πάλιν ἐν τοῖς [πα-]
35ροῦσι καιροῖς ἡγησάμενος εὐσεβὲς καὶ μεγαλοπρεπὲς ὑπ[άρ-]
χειν ἑαυτῷ τὴν προσήκουσαν τῆς πατρίδος ἡμῶν ποιήσασ[θαι]
φροντίδα, ἀρχαίας νήσου καὶ ἱερᾶς ὑπαρχούσης, εἶναί θ’ ἑαυτ[ῶι]
πλούτου παντὸς κρείττονα πόλεως σωτηρίαν καὶ τὴν π[αρὰ]
πᾶσιν ἀγαθὴν εὐφημίαν, πολλὰ πάλιν χρήματ’ ἐπέδω[κε τῶι]
40δήμωι, οὐ μόνον ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφειλομένων αὐτῶι μεγάλ[α ἀφ]ελὼ[ν]
κεφάλαια, ἀλλὰ καὶ χρόνον εἰς τὴν ἀπόδοσιν ὧν ἐπείσ-
θη δοὺς ἑνδεκαετῆ, καὶ τοῦτον ἄτοκον, χάριν τοῦ κατὰ
τὸ δυνατόν, ὅσον ἐπ’ αὐτῷ, τὴν νῆσον καὶ πάντας ἡμᾶς
ἐν αὐτῇ συντηρηθῆναι, γενόμενος τῶν μεγίστων ἡμεῖ[ν]
45παραίτιος ἀγαθῶν· ἐπιδημήσας τε ἡμῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει πλεί-
ονα χρόνον σώφρονα καὶ σεμνὴν καὶ πᾶσιν προσηνῆ τὴν
ἀναστροφὴν ποιεῖται· ἐφ’ οἷς οὐχ ἧττον ὁ δῆμος ἡμῶν αὐ-
τὸν καὶ διὰ ταῦτα θαυμάζει τε καὶ τιμᾷ, καὶ εἰλι[κρινῶ]ς [γ]νησ[ί-]
αν ἔχοντι πρὸς πάντας φιλοστοργίαν εὐχαρισ[τ]εῖ· ἔν τε
50τοῖς ἄλλοις πᾶσιν ὡ[ς] δικαίαν καὶ εὐσεβῆ γνώμην ἔχων καὶ ἁ[ρ-]
μοζούσῃ παρρησίᾳ χρώμενος εἰς ἐπίστασιν καθέστακεν [ὅ-]
σον ἐπ’ αὐτῷ τοὺς ἐπιβαροῦντας, καὶ τοῖς ἀδίκως κινδυν[εύου-]
σι δικαίαν παρέχεται βοήθειαν, [π]άν[τω]ς̣ τε ἐν παντὶ καιρ[ῷ] πρό-
θυμον ἁτὸν ἐπιδίδωσιν ἐπὶ τὰ τῆς πόλεως πράγματα· ὅ-
55πως οὖν καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἡ[μῶν] φαίνηται τὰς ἐπιβαλλούσας
τοῖς εὐεργέταις ἀποδιδούς χάρ<ιτ>ας, πε[ρὶ δὴ τούτων], [ἀ-]
γαθῇ τύχῃ, δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ, ἐ[παινέσαι - - - ]
[ - - - ]ΕΚΑΙΤΗΣ[ - - - ]
[ - - - ]ΟΥ[ - - - ]
60[ - - - ]Σ̣ΡΦ̣ΙΛΛΜ̣[ - - - ]
[ - - - - - - - - - - ]
[ - - - ]I[ - - - ]
[ - - - - - - - - - - ]
(seqq. vv. fere 26 valde detriti)
Resolved by the Boule and the Demos, proposal of the prytaneis: considering that Lucius Aufidius Bassus, son of Lucius, continues in all matters to be kind both to the city in common and to each of the citizens individually, having inherited his father’s goodwill towards our people, and has rendered many and great services to the city and remitted several amounts of money with magnificence and goodness; considering that his father, at the time when the Common War had arisen and the incessantly recurring pirate raids forced our island to overburden itself with debts in no ordinary manner, he alone and the first among those who had drawn up a contract with us, placing the safety of the city before his own profit, lent us as much money as we proposed most eagerly, at much lower interest in comparison to those current at the time, and that he showed leniency about this matter for his whole life and continued saying and doing in any circumstance whatever was better and useful for the city and because of these good services our people, having actually experienced the benefits coming from his good deeds, immediately bestowed the proper honours on him by decree; considering that (Lucius Aufidius Bassus), after having succeeded his father contended in goodwill towards the city, and that two contracts left to him by his father towards the city at an interest rate of 1/6, one of 11,000 Attic drachms and the other one of 19,500 Attic drachms, he carried over without receiving any money, because the people begged him to do so, and for the other debts he drew a simple interest at the rate of one drachm for several years, going back to the time of the contracts; considering that, having granted a more considerable sum of money, he surpassed himself in good deeds towards the people again: the capital gathered according to the fairest reckoning, he put under contract for another period of five years at an interest of 4 obols; considering that, as this period of time had elapsed and many other years gone by in addition, as we were not able to pay back the money we owed him because of charges imposed by others and because of this many profits had been accumulated and the city was in the utmost danger, considering again that in the present circumstances it would have been a sign of devotion and magnificence for him to bestow upon our country the proper care, as the island was ancient and sacred, and that his good reputation among people and the safety of the city meant much more to him than his wealth, he gave again a large amount of money to the people, not only remitting large amounts of capital from what we owed him but consenting to grant us a period of 11 years to give him back the money we persuaded him to give us, without imposing any rate of interest, in order to preserve, as far as it was possible for him, the island and us all on it, becoming to us the source of the greatest benefits; considering that he stayed in our city for a long period of time and behaved wisely, nobly and kindly towards anyone and our people don’t admire and honour him less for this reason and are thankful to him for his absolutely genuine affection for everybody; considering that in any other matter, as he had a just and pious opinion and spoke with proper frankness, he stopped, as far as it was possible for him, those who overloaded us and gave the rightful support to those who were unjustly in danger; considering that he displays his zeal totally and in any circumstances when the interests of the city are at stake; in order to make clear that our people express the proper gratitude towards their benefactors. About this, with Good Fortune! The Boule and the demos decreed that (he) should be praised [ - - - ] Commentary:
The date of the inscription is firmly anchored in the first half of the first century BC; there are no precise or explicit chronological data in the text, but the mention of a κοινὸς πόλεμος at l. 8 leaves two possible options: either the campaign against pirates by Pompey in 67 (so Boeckh in CIG II 2335; Dareste 1884, 363; Billeter 1898, 94; and Maróti 1962, esp. 125-126) or the war Rome and her allies fought against Mithridates from 88 to 84 BC (this historical context is preferred by Hiller von Gaetringen in IG XII 5 860; Bogaert 1968, 193 with n. 346; L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 224). So the activity of Lucius Aufidius Bassus’ father on Tenos can be dated as roughly between 88 and 67 BC. After that, several years must have gone by before the proposal and approval of a decree for his son; although an exact assessment of how many years is impossible, the decree in honour of Lucius Aufidius Bassus can be dated to around the middle of the century with a good degree of likelihood.
The stele carries precisely the text of this honorific decree for Lucius Aufidius Bassus, issued by the community of the Tenians. The part of the document which focuses on the motives why this man deserved such an honour provides a very detailed account of these reasons and dwells at length upon then (a bit verbosely), from l. 1 to l. 54, i.e. the largest part of what remains. The hortatory intent is limited to a short formula between l. 54 and 56, then the resolution formula is preserved (both the Boule and the Demos of Tenos are involved in the resolution). However, the part in which the honours awarded to Lucius Aufidius Bassus presumably were listed has been lost (Hiller von Gaertringen estimated the extent of this missing final portion of the document to be about 30 lines). According to the hypothesis of Payne 1984, 278; these might have been of proxeny status, other honours attendant with proxeny, title of Benefactor and perhaps even the dedication of a statue. Perhaps the lost lines also contained dispositions for the inscribing and the collocation of the stone(s) with the text of the honorific decree. The plural “stones” in the previous sentence may be a correct guess, since there are two known inscriptions from Tenos – IG XII 5 860 and SEG 29 756 – carrying the same text of the decree. It is likely that at least two copies of the decree were provided for, perhaps to be displayed in two different “significant” places in the topography of the city (one in the agora and the other in the polyadic sanctuary, as suggested by Étienne 1979, 148), such was the will of the Tenians to properly honour their benefactor and to make him and his family a public example of generosity.
As to the family of the honorand, in this case - even if it is not so surprising or uncommon - family history matters: indeed, there are two prominent personalities making their appearance in the document, and next to Lucius Aufidius Bassus, the honorand of this decree, there is his father Lucius Aufidius. Lucius Aufidius Senior has been identified with a homonymous banker previously known on Delos at the end of the 2nd century/beginning of the 1st century BC (Hatzfeld 1919, 43; Hatzfeld 1912, 19 no. 4; I.Délos 1728, cf. Bogaert 1976, no. 6; I.Délos 1729; Hatzfeld and Roussel 1910, 398-399 nos. 44-45). From the text of the inscription, it can be assumed that at least for a limited period of time he moved his business to Tenos and maybe died here. This most probably happened towards the end of his life and may have involved only a part of his business. For a more detailed commentary on the career of this man, see Bogaert 1968, 190 and 195-196 and, more recently, Mendoni, Zoumbaki 2008, 212-213. Most importantly, the elder Lucius Aufidius was also a great benefactor of the Tenians, and the decree states (l. 18) that he too was properly honoured as such by a decree. Although this earlier text is not extant, it was evidently taken into account – with all its content and the history of the relationship between the Tenians and the honorand of that decree – when his son was to be honoured, and it was most likely not very different in character and tone from the one dedicated to his son.
After the death of the father, his son took over his financial and maybe banking business on Tenos. Most importantly for those who drew up the text of this decree, Lucius Aufidius Bassus was the worthy successor of his father with respect to his behaviour towards the city of Tenos, following his father’s path in generously financing it in hard times. Judging from the extent of Lucius Aufidius Bassus’ patience and generosity towards the Tenians, L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 228 was right in assuming he could rely on a considerable personal wealth, most likely as a result of his father’s and his own efforts in business, or he would not have taken such risks. Maybe Lucius Aufidius Bassus was not staying on Tenos anymore when this decree was passed, since his stay is referred to in the aorist past (l. 45 ἐπιδημήσας), although his behaviour towards the Tenians is described in the present tense (so Bogaert 1968, 196 and L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 225). In any event, with this decree and the decree for Lucius Aufidius Senior, the Tenians showed how much they cared about their relationship with the Aufidii family and how great was their desire to maintain a strong bond with their benefactors. For a more detailed commentary on the life and activity of Lucius Aufidius Bassus see Mendoni, Zoumbaki 2008, 214-218.
These introductory elements should allow the reader to frame the inscription in a broader picture; the following commentary will mainly focus on discussing economic aspects related to this inscription. In order to give a full and clear account, the text will be considered in small portions commented upon separately:
ll. 1-7: The text sums up in general terms the reasons why Lucius Aufidius Bassus is honoured by the people of Tenos; his “good deeds” consisted mainly in financial benefits towards the city, since “he remitted several amounts of money” (l. 7).
ll. 7-18: This rather long digression on the activity of the honorand’s father on the island is not only meant to make a proper display of a significant family precedent for the goodwill of Lucius Aufidius Bassus towards the city and of the good financial relations between Tenos and the family (see discussion above), but it is also necessary to go back to the loans granted by the father to Tenos to give some measure of the son’s generosity. When there was the “Common War” and the pirates tormented the island with their continuous raids, the city went deeply in debt, probably because it had to face high defence expenditures and maybe also to give some contribution, financial or material, to the military actions. The city drew up written contracts with its creditors about these loans (l. 10 τῶν συνηλαχότων). Lucius Aufidius Senior, alone among those creditors, made the sum agreed upon immediately available to the city and granted a rate of interest that was more favourable than that current at the time. What’s more important, the text states he “was patient” about this matter throughout his whole life: he probably granted delays in payment to the city on various occasions, and maybe remissions of a part of the debt. Because of this, the city had already paid him an honour similar to the one it was bestowing on his son.
ll. 19-23: At his father’s death, Lucius Aufidius Bassus inherited two credits the former had with the Tenians. These credits had been granted at an interest rate of 1/6 (ἕκτων τόκων; see further in the commentary for the textual and interpretative problems posed by this expression), about 16.7 %, which is per se rather high, but reasonable enough if compared with rates known from other contemporary and similar situations, when the transaction was between ruthless Roman financiers and Greek cities which were in such a miserable state to be forced to accept much heavier conditions, without any possibility to pick and choose or alternative. An example is the transaction between the city of Gytheion and the Cloatii (IG V 1 1146 and L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 90-96 no. 24), which initially set a rate of interest of 48%. So in this case the creditor (Lucius Aufudius Bassus’ father) was undoubtedly generous in a certain way.
The reading ἐκ τῶν τόκων at l. 21 gave commentators no little trouble in the past: it was not easy to understand what the meaning of two written contracts (συνγραφαί) inherited by the son “as a result of the interest”/ “because of the interest”. The expression συγγραφή/συγγραφαὶ ἐκ τῶν τόκων has no parallel in ancient sources. Some commentators hazarded that these contracts were stipulated from accumulated interest (Billeter 1898, 95 and Dareste 1884, 363) or because of unpaid interest (Hatzfeld 1919, 205 n. 3), but these hypotheses are very far from satisfactory and find no basis in ancient documents of economic nature, as already stated above. According to L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226, the term συγγραφή: “dans le crédit public … désigne toujours le contract original réglant le conditions de l’emprunt". In general, such a strict limitation for the term may be questioned; from mid-4th century BC, it is used quite flexibly to define several types of transactions and the term itself without further specification can hardly be taken as a “label” to classify the type of transaction that was registered in that document, let alone the conditions the two parties agreed upon during the transaction (cf. Bianchini 1979). In 1st century BC, four additional cases are known where Greek cities were grated loans by Romans – L. Migeotte, Emprunt 24, 75, 95 and 105, and in these cases the lexical choices to denote the involved “contracts” and transactions are either συγγραφή or συνάλλαγμα. Nevertheless Migeotte’s interpretation fits very well in this specific case, especially if you accept the reading ἕκτων by Étienne (cf. infra) instead of ἐκ τῶν: in this commentary the συγγραφαί mentioned at l. 20 are interpreted as the original contracts stipulated between Lucius Aufidius Senior and the city to regulate the conditions of the loans he granted to the Tenians.
Bogaert 1979, 129 suggested a different solution by connecting the expression ἐκ τῶν τόκων at l. 21 (probably a mistake for ἐκ<τός>) with the verb ἐλοιπογράφησεν at l. 23: in his interpretation Lucius Aufidius would have allowed the capital to remain in arrear, but would have remitted the outstanding interest (his translation: “et deux contrats laissés à lui par son père contre la cité, il les a inscrits pour solde excepté les intérêts”). The solution of the problem comes with the reading ἕκτων τόκων by Étienne 1979, 146, which is accepted in the text by Migeotte and is based on good comparison in ancient use (singular or plural genitive case is frequently used for expressions indicating interest rates, see L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226 n. 326 and 270 n. 40; loans at an interest rate of 1/6 are rarely, but certainly attested, see Étienne 1979, 146): both the translation and the commentary here given are based on this reading. According to this interpretation, the son inherited two contracts from his father at an interest rate of 1/6 and although he had the right to exact repayment according to the terms of the contracts, he granted the city a moratorium. He didn’t exact the money the Tenians owed him (he didn’t get back the capital his father lent; it isn’t certain if he remitted the outstanding interest or not) and simply extended the loans at the same rate of interest; in the current translation “he carried them over”. (The verb λοιπογραφέω, known only from epigraphic and papyrological sources, has not always been correctly interpreted by commentators: see Dareste 1884, 363, “il en fit remise gratuitement”, followed by Hatzfeld 1919, 84 and 208, n. 2 and 3, and Ziebarth 1929, 116 n. 113; for the correct meaning inscrire pour solde see Bogaert 1979, 129; L. Robert, OMS IV, 204 and L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226 n. 328).
The sums at ll. 22-23 (11,000 and 19,500 Attic drachms) evidently represent the capital Lucius Aufidius Senior originally lent to the Tenians (Bogaert 1968, 193; Bogaert 1979, 129; L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226-227), and not, as Hatzfeld 1919, 205 no. 3 supposed, the joint amount of the capital and the accumulated interest.
ll. 24-25: The text reads ἄλλα δάνεια: apart from Billeter, who thought this was the capital Lucius Aufidius Senior originally lent to the Tenians, in opposition to the συγγραφαί of l. 20, which according to his interpretation were contracts regarding only accumulated interest on that original capital (Billeter 1898, 96 n. 1), all previous commentators simply assumed this to be other, different credits Lucius Aufidius Bassus inherited from his father, in addition to those two mentioned separately at l. 20 (see for example Bogaert 1968, 194 and Hatzfeld 1919, 208 with n. 3). L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226 emphasizes the strong opposition μέν-δέ in the Greek text, between καὶ δύο μὲν συνγραφὰς καταλελειμμένας ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῶι (ll. 20-21) and τοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις δανείοις (l. 24): he suggests that it is possible that the city incurred these debts more recently and not with Lucius Aufidius’ father, but directly with Lucius Aufidius himself. In any case, these contracts expired as well, but the city managed again to get a moratorium from Lucius Aufidius and, most importantly, a significant reduction of the interest rate to a drachm per mina and per month, with retroactive effect, i.e. backdating to the time these contracts had been drawn up. The text states explicitly that the interest is simple (ἐξ εὐθυτοκίας), and this probably suggests that the creditor had originally required a compound interest to be registered as a condition in the contracts. This switch from compound to simple interest was a major advantage to the city, and a very generous concession by Lucius Aufidius Bassus.
l. 26: The text states that Lucius Aufidius Bassus granted to the city “a more considerable sum of money” and this is open to two different interpretations: either the same concession as in ll. 24-25 (Hatzfeld 1919, 208-209 esp. n. 4; Bogaert 1968, 194) or (better: cf. comparative ἱκανώτερον) another, different credit granted to the city by Lucius Aufidius Bassus, and in this case he granted a more considerable sum of money than the sums involved in the previous transactions (Dareste 1884, 363; Billeter 1898, 97-98, L. Migeotte, Emprunt, 226-227).
ll. 27-29: Here there is another major concession by Lucius Aufidius Bassus to the Tenians: he grants them a renewal of all the debts the city has accumulated over time towards him and his father, by drawing up a contract lasting 5 years at a very favourable interest rate of 4 obols (8%). Presumably, it was no simple matter to handle: they had to resort to “the fairest reckoning” to establish exactly the status of the debts, capital and unpaid interest involved in the different transactions over time.
ll. 30-45: This is the apex of Aufidius’ generosity towards the Tenians: the time being long overdue, the city is still not able to pay him back, even at the very favourable conditions he had granted them in the last transaction (ll. 27-29). Tenos is in “utmost danger”, probably under constant threat of an attack during the Roman civil wars, debt laden and very likely victim of war requisitions/tributes (l. 31 ... because of charges imposed by others ...). In these circumstances, the text says, Lucius Aufidius Bassus remitted a large part of the debt and granted an interest-free respite of 11 years for the payment of the money the city still owed him. He clearly, completely, gave in to the Tenians’ pleas: it is no surprise to find him honoured as a saviour of the island and the citizens. Perhaps the Tenians also owed him another important kind of “financial” support during the rough times of the civil wars: at l. 51-52 the text says that Lucius Aufidius Bassus “stopped, as far as it was possible for him, those who overloaded (ἐπιβαροῦντας: note the same lexical choice as in l. 31, τὰς ὑφ’ ἑτέρων γειν[ο]μένας ἐπιβαρήσεις) the Tenians. It could be inferred that Lucius Aufidius Bassus went so far as to choose in some case to exploit his influence to try to prevent overwhelming Roman pressure (or more in general, other less accommodating creditors’ claims) from completely wrecking the finances of Tenos, maybe by acting himself as a sort of intermediary/negotiator on behalf of the city.
To conclude, probably Tenos was at last able to repay what was left of its debts, honouring the deadline, otherwise there would have been mention of further transactions between the city and Aufidius Bassus in order to display the full amount of his generosity.
Bianchini, M. (1979), 'La συγγραφή ed il problema delle forme contrattuali', in A. Biscardi (ed.), Symposion 1974: Vortrage zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte, Koln - Wien - Bohlau, 245–258
Billeter, G. (1898), Geschichte Des Zinsfusses im griechisch-römischen Altertum bis auf Justinian, Leipzig
Bogaert, R. (1968), Banques et Banquiers dans les cités grecques, Leiden
Bogaert, R. (1976), Epigraphica III: Texts on bankers, banking and the credit in the Greek world, Leiden
Bogaert, R. (1979), 'Remarques sur deux inscriptions grecques concernant le credit public', ZPE 33, 126-130
Dareste, R. (1884), 'Sur la suggraphe en droit grec et en droit romain', BCH 8, 362-376
Dobree, P.P. (1824), 'Greek Inscriptions from the Marbles in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge', CJ 30, 141-143
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Ziebarth, E. (1929), Beiträge zur Geschichte des Seeraubs und Seehandels im alten Griechenland, Hamburg Author: Laura Francesca Carlini Last update: March 2017 DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI032
TM Number:
776179
Author: Laura Francesca Carlini
Last Update: March 2017
DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI032
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2<?oxygen RNGSchema="http://www.stoa.org/epidoc/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" type="xml"?> 3<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en"> 4 <teiHeader> 5 <fileDesc> 6 <titleStmt> 7 <title>Tenos. Honorary decree for Lucius Aufidius Bassus</title> 8 <editor>Donatella Erdas</editor> 9 <editor>Anna Magnetto</editor> 10 <editor>Laura Francesca Carlini</editor> 11 </titleStmt> 12 <publicationStmt> 13 <authority>Laboratory of Computer Sciences for Ancient Languages, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa</authority> 14 <idno type="filename">GEI032</idno> 15 <availability><p>for internal use only</p></availability> 16 </publicationStmt> 17 <sourceDesc> 18 <ab>Aimed for 19 <bibl xml:id="ErdMagCS"><author>D. Erdas</author>, <author>A. Magnetto</author>, 20 <title>Corpus delle iscrizioni economiche greche</title> in c.s.</bibl>; 21 this version born digital</ab> 22 <ab> 23 <msDesc> 24 <msIdentifier/> 25 26 <physDesc> 27 <objectDesc> 28 <supportDesc> 29 <support> 30 <p> Rectangular complete <material>marble</material> 31 <objectType>stele</objectType> (dimensions are <dimensions> 32 <height unit="metre" quantity="1.265"> 33 1.265</height> 34 <width unit="metre" quantity="0.516"> 0.516</width> 35 </dimensions>), with <foreign xml:lang="la" 36 >lacunae</foreign> of a few letters here and there 37 throughout the text, mostly in the final part of the 38 lines, minor enough to be restored with no effort and 39 unanimously by scholars. A notable exception is the 40 lower part of the stele, which is preserved in very poor 41 condition (it took no little effort to get a completely 42 satisfying reading of some parts of ll. 48-57). At a 43 certain point (after l. 57), although certainly 44 inscribed, it becomes unreadable because of its corroded 45 and discoloured status, causing a significant <foreign 46 xml:lang="la">lacuna</foreign> for the last part of 47 the document. After l. 57 there are six lines with 48 indistinguishable signs of letters here and there; in 49 addition Hiller von Gaertringen estimated the loss of 50 about 26 other lines for the document to be complete, so 51 on the whole about 32 lines of text have been lost. 52 There is also a fragment of a copy of the stele (see 53 <bibl><title level="m">SEG</title> 29 756</bibl>), 54 broken on three sides, containing lines 36 to 57 55 (dimensions: <dimensions> 56 <height unit="metre" atLeast="0.36">0.36</height> 57 <width unit="metre" atLeast="0.45">0.45</width> 58 <depth unit="metre" quantity="0.065">0.065</depth> 59 </dimensions>) </p> 60 </support> 61 </supportDesc> 62 <layoutDesc> 63 <layout>Non-stoichedon.</layout> 64 </layoutDesc> 65 </objectDesc> 66 <handDesc> 67 <handNote>Hellenistic koinè</handNote> 68 </handDesc> 69 </physDesc> 70 71 <history> 72 <origin> 73 <ab><origPlace><placeName>Tenos</placeName>. Maybe standing in the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">agora</foreign> or near a public monument of some sort. The other extant copy, in a much more fragmentary condition, would instead have been placed hypothetically in the sanctuary of the polyadic deities, Poseidon and Amphitrite, where all the most important decrees were most likely kept by the polis (see Étienne 1979, 147-148)</origPlace></ab> 74 <ab><origDate notBefore="-0100" notAfter="-0001" precision="low" cert="low" evidence="lettering">Both palaeography and orthography seem to be consistent with a <date>1st century BC</date> dating, probably around <date>50 BC</date></origDate></ab> 75 </origin> 76 <provenance> 77 <listEvent> 78 <event type="found"> 79 <p>Found among the ruins of the ancient city of 80 <placeName>Tenos</placeName> by Hawkins in 1795 81 (reported by Hiller von Gaertringen); Étienne 1979, 147 82 writes that: “<quote><foreign xml:lang="fr">elle fut 83 trouvée dans la ville actuelle, c’est à dire au 84 port de Ténos</foreign></quote>”, without citing 85 any source of information. <bibl><title level="m" 86 >SEG</title> 29 756</bibl> was identified and 87 published as a copy of the decree by Étienne 1979, 88 147-148) while he was working on some unpublished 89 inscriptions in the Museum of Tenos: he cites no 90 findspot for the fragment. Although Étienne did not give 91 an explanation for this, most likely the stone was 92 without any indication of provenance and no news about 93 context and circumstances of retrieval was recorded or 94 preserved for the editor or the Museum staff. He did 95 formulate an hypothesis about the original placement of 96 the stone in the sanctuary of Poseidon and Amphitrite; 97 maybe Étienne suspected the fragment was somehow found 98 still in its original context. If so, he did not discuss 99 the topic in his article</p> 100 </event> 101 <event type="observed"> 102 <p>It was originally kept in the Library of the Trinity College in Cambridge, where the editor princeps found it and Hiller von Gaertringen reported it to be.</p> 103 </event> 104 <event type="observed"> 105 <p>The stone was moved to the Fitzwilliam Museum in 106 <placeName>Cambridge</placeName> in 1970 (see 107 <bibl><title level="m">SEG</title> 25 965</bibl> 108 and Nicholls 1970-71, 79 no. 6), where it is kept now as 109 a long term loan with the accession number Loan Ant. 110 22.</p> 111 </event> 112 <event type="observed"> 113 <p>The fragmentary copy (<bibl><title level="m">SEG</title> 114 29 756</bibl>) is preserved in the Museum of 115 <placeName>Tenos</placeName> (no. 307)</p> 116 </event> 117 </listEvent> 118 </provenance> 119 </history> 120 121 </msDesc> 122 </ab> 123 </sourceDesc> 124 </fileDesc> 125 126 <encodingDesc> 127 <p>Marked-up according to the EpiDoc Guidelines and Schema, version 8</p> 128 <projectDesc> 129 <p>Sample for a Corpus of Greek Economical Inscriptions</p> 130 </projectDesc> 131 </encodingDesc> 132 <profileDesc> 133 <langUsage> 134 <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek</language> 135 <language ident="la">Latin</language> 136 <language ident="grc-Latn">Transliterated Greek</language> 137 <language ident="en">English</language> 138 <language ident="it">Italian</language> 139 <language ident="fr">French</language> 140 <language ident="de">German</language> 141 </langUsage> 142 <textClass> 143 144 <keywords scheme="subject"> 145 <term>tamiai</term> 146 <term>loan</term> 147 <term>debt</term> 148 <term>credit</term> 149 <term>interest</term> 150 <term>contract</term> 151 <term>Roman(s)</term> 152 <term>financier</term> 153 <term>banker</term> 154 <term>charge</term> 155 <term>public finance</term> 156 </keywords> 157 <keywords scheme="type"> 158 <term>honorific decree</term> 159 </keywords> 160 <keywords scheme="context"> 161 <term>agora?</term> 162 <term>harbour?</term> 163 </keywords> 164 165 </textClass> 166 </profileDesc> 167 </teiHeader> 168 <text> 169 <body> 170 171 <div type="bibliography" subtype="referenceEdition"> 172 <head>Reference edition</head> 173 <bibl>ll. 1-57: <ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2004">L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title></ref> 64;</bibl> 174 <bibl>for the six further lines of the last part of the document, I used the reading by Hiller von Gaertringen (<bibl><title level="m">IG</title> XII 5 860</bibl>) in his transcription, but the reading of these letters is highly hypothetical (Migeotte judged there was nothing left but signs and did not attempt a reading)</bibl> 175 </div> 176 177 <div type="bibliography" subtype="editions"> 178 <head>Other editions</head> 179 <bibl>ed. pr. <ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2049">Dobree 1824, 141-143</ref> (based both on autopsy and the use of some copies of the inscription made by other scholars he lists in his commentary);</bibl> 180 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2050">Rose 1825</ref>, Appendix VII, 395-399 no. VII (Dobree’s text);</bibl> 181 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0232">A. Böckh, <title level="m">CIG</title></ref> 182 II 2335 (based on the same copies used by Dobree and on another copy by 183 Müller);</bibl> 184 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2051">P. Le Bas, W.H. Waddington, LBW</ref> II, 1859;</bibl> 185 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2052">Georgantopoulos 1889, 47-49</ref>;</bibl> 186 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1996">E.L. Hicks, <title level="m">GHI</title></ref> 204 (based on autopsy);</bibl> 187 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0128">C. Michel, <title level="m">Recueil</title></ref> 394;</bibl> 188 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0239"><title level="m">IG</title> XII 5</ref> 860 (Hiller von Gaertringen, based on two copies by Sinker);</bibl> 189 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2053">Donati 1965, 52-53 no. 74</ref>;</bibl> 190 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2054">Bogaert 1976, 8-11 no. 3</ref>;</bibl> 191 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2055">Étienne 1979, 148-149 (fragmentary copy, ll. 192 36-57, see <bibl><title level="m">SEG</title> 29 756</bibl>)</ref>;</bibl> 193 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2056">Étienne 1990, 136-138</ref>;</bibl> 194 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2057">Mendoni, Zoumbaki 2008, 214-215</ref></bibl> 195 </div> 196 197 <div type="bibliography" subtype="illustrations"> 198 <head>Photographs</head> 199 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2057">Mendoni, Zoumbaki 2008</ref>, pls. 35 and 200 36a</bibl> 201 </div> 202 203 <div type="bibliography" subtype="translations"> 204 <head>Translations</head> 205 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2004">L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title></ref>, 223-224 (in French);</bibl> 206 <bibl>reprinted in <ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2056">Étienne 1990, 138</ref></bibl> 207 </div> 208 209 <div type="bibliography" subtype="other"> 210 <head>Bibliography</head> 211 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2058">Dareste 1884</ref>, 363-364;</bibl> 212 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2059">Wilhelm 1898</ref>, 230-231 no. 394;</bibl> 213 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2060">Billeter 1898</ref>, 94-98;</bibl> 214 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2061">Hatzfeld 1919</ref>, 84 and 205-209;</bibl> 215 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2062">Larsen 1938</ref>, 372-374;</bibl> 216 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2063">Robert, <title level="m">OMS</title></ref> IV, 203-205;</bibl> 217 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2064">Maróti 1962, 124-127;</ref></bibl> 218 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2012">Bogaert 1968</ref>, 193-196;</bibl> 219 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2065">Bogaert 1979</ref>, 128-130 (on l. 21);</bibl> 220 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2066">Payne 1984</ref>, 277-278;</bibl> 221 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2067">Tréheux 1986</ref>, 425 (on <bibl><title 222 level="m">SEG</title> 29 756, l. 17</bibl>);</bibl> 223 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2068">Nigdelis 1990</ref>, 161-162;</bibl> 224 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2069">de Souza 1999</ref>, 163-164</bibl> 225 </div> 226 227 <div type="edition" xml:lang="grc" xml:space="preserve"> 228 <ab> 229 <lb n="1"/><w lemma="δοκέω"><supplied reason="lost">ἔδοξε</supplied></w> <w lemma="ὁ"><supplied reason="lost">τ</supplied>ῇ</w> <w lemma="βουλή">βουλῇ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῷ</w> <w lemma="δῆμος">δήμῳ</w>, <w lemma="πρύτανις">πρυτάνεων</w> <w lemma="γνώμη">γνώμη</w>· <w lemma="ἐπεί">ἐπεὶ</w> 230 <persName ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0221" type="private"><name nymRef="Λεύκιος"><w lemma="Λεύκιος"><supplied reason="lost">Λεύ</supplied><lb n="2" break="no"/>κιος</w></name> <name nymRef="Αὐφίδιος"><w lemma="Αὐφίδιος">Αὐφίδιος</w></name></persName> <persName ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0222" type="private"><name nymRef="Λεύκιος"><w lemma="Λεύκιος">Λευκίου</w></name></persName> <w lemma="υἱός">υἱὸς</w> <persName ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0221" type="private"><name nymRef="Βάσσος"><w lemma="Βάσσος">Βάσσος</w></name></persName> <w lemma="διά">διὰ</w> <w lemma="πᾶς">παντὸς</w> <w lemma="εὔνοος">εὔνους</w> <w lemma="εἰμί">ὢ<supplied reason="lost">ν</supplied></w> 231 <lb n="3"/><w lemma="διατελέω">διατελεῖ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="κοινός">κοινὸν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῇ</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλει</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="κατά">καθ’</w> <w lemma="ἴδιος">ἰδίαν</w> <w lemma="ἕκαστος">ἑκάστῳ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶ<supplied reason="lost">ν</supplied></w> 232 <lb n="4"/><w lemma="πολίτης">πολιτῶν</w>, <w lemma="πατροπαράδοτος">πατροπαράδοτον</w> <w lemma="παραλαμβάνω">παρειληφὼς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="πρός">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <w lemma="δῆμος">δῆμο<supplied reason="lost">ν</supplied></w> 233 <lb n="5"/><w lemma="ἡμεῖς">ἡμῶν</w> <w lemma="εὔνοια">εὔνοιαν</w>, <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="πολύς">πολλὰς</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="μέγας">μεγάλας</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῇ</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλει</w> <w lemma="παρέχω">παρέσχηται</w> 234 <lb n="6"/><w lemma="χρεία">χρείας</w>, <w lemma="μεγαλοπρεπῶς">μεγαλοπρεπῶς</w> <w lemma="τε">τε</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="φιλαγάθως">φιλαγάθως</w> <w lemma="πολύς">πολλῶν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="χρῆμα">χρημάτων</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἄφεσις">ἄφε<lb n="7" break="no"/>σιν</w></rs> 235 <w lemma="ποίεω">πεποίηται</w>· <w lemma="ὁ">ὅ</w> <w lemma="τε">τε</w> <w lemma="πατήρ">πατὴρ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτοῦ</w>, <w lemma="κατά">καθ’</w> <w lemma="ὅς">ὃν</w> <w lemma="καιρός">καιρὸν</w> <w lemma="ἐπιγίγνομαι">ἐπιγενόμενος</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> 236 <lb n="8"/><w lemma="κοινός">κοινὸς</w> <w lemma="πόλεμος">πόλεμος</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> 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n="12"/><w lemma="λυσιτελής">λυσιτελές</w>, <rs type="economic"><w lemma="χρῆμα">χρημάτων</w></rs> <w lemma="πλῆθος">πλῆθος</w>, <w lemma="ὅσος">ὅσον</w> <w lemma="προαιρέω">προῃρούμεθα</w>, <w lemma="προθύμως">προθυμό<lb n="13" break="no"/>τατα</w> 241 <w lemma="δίδωμι">ἔδωκεν</w> <w lemma="ἐξ">ἐξ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἕτοιμος">ἑτοίμου</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="τόκος">τόκων</w></rs> <w lemma="πολύς">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="κοῦφος">κουφοτέρων</w> <w lemma="παρά">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ὑπάρχω"><supplied reason="lost">ὑ</supplied><lb n="14" break="no"/>πάρχοντας</w> 242 <w lemma="τότε">τότε</w>, <w lemma="οὖτος">τούτων</w> <w lemma="τε">τε</w> <w lemma="συνπεριφορά">συνπεριφορὰν</w> <w lemma="ποιέω">ἐποιήσατο</w> <w lemma="πᾶς">πάν<lb n="15" break="no"/>τα</w> 243 <w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ζωή">ζωῆς</w> <w lemma="χρόνος">χρόνον</w>, <w lemma="διατελέω">διετέλει</w> <w lemma="τε">τε</w> <w lemma="λέγω">λέγων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="πράσσω">πράττων</w> 244 <lb n="16"/><w lemma="διά">διὰ</w> <w lemma="πᾶς">παντὸς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰ</w> <w lemma="βέλτιστος">βέλτιστα</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="συνφέρω">συνφέροντα</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῇ</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλει</w>· <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐφ’</w> <w lemma="ὅς">οἷς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <w lemma="δῆμος">δῆ<lb n="17" break="no"/>μος</w> 245 <w lemma="ἡμεῖς">ἡμῶν</w>, <w lemma="ἔργον">ἔργῳ</w> <w lemma="λαμβάνω">λαβὼν</w> <w lemma="πεῖρα">πεῖραν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ὑπό">ὑπ’</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="γίγνομαι">γεγονυιῶν</w> <w lemma="εὐεργεσία">εὐε<supplied reason="lost">ρ</supplied><lb n="18" break="no"/>γεσιῶν</w> 246 <w lemma="παραχρῆμα">παραχρῆμα</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰς</w> <w lemma="καθήκω">καθηκούσας</w> <w lemma="ψηφίζω">ἐψηφίσατο</w> <w lemma="τιμή">τιμὰς</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτ<supplied reason="lost">ῷ</supplied></w>· 247 <lb n="19"/><w lemma="διαδέχομαι">διαδεξάμενός</w> <w lemma="τε">τ’</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="ἐπαγωνίζομαι">ἐπηγωνίσατο</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆι</w> <w lemma="πρός">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="εὔνοια">ε<unclear>ὐ</unclear><lb n="20" break="no"/>νοίᾳ</w>, 248 <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="δύο">δύο</w> <w lemma="μέν">μὲν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="συγγραφή">συνγραφὰς</w></rs> <w lemma="καταλείπω">καταλελειμμένας</w> <w lemma="ὑπό">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="πατήρ">πα<lb n="21" break="no"/>τρὸς</w> 249 <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτῶι</w> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="ἕκτος">ἕκτων</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="τόκος">τόκων</w></rs>, <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="μέν">μὲν</w> <w lemma="εἷς">μίαν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δρ<unclear>α</unclear><lb n="22" break="no"/>χμῶν</w></rs> 250 <w lemma="Ἀττικός">Ἀττικῶν</w> <w lemma="μύριοι">μυρίων</w> <w lemma="χίλιοι">χιλίων</w>, <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="δέ">δ’</w> <w lemma="ἕτερος">ἑτέραν</w> <w lemma="Ἀττικός">Ἀττικῶν</w> <w lemma="μύριοι">μυρίων</w> <w lemma="ἐνακισχίλιοι">ἐ<lb n="23" break="no"/>νακισχιλίων</w> 251 <w lemma="πεντακόσιοι">πεντακοσίων</w>, <rs type="economic"><w lemma="λοιπογραφέω">ἐλοιπογράφησεν</w></rs> <w lemma="χωρίς">χωρὶς</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀργύριον">ἀργυρίου</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="κομιδή">κομι<lb n="24" break="no"/>δῆς</w></rs> 252 <w lemma="παρακαλέω">παρακληθεὶς</w> <w lemma="ὑπό">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="δῆμος">δήμου</w>· <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ἄλλος">ἄλλοις</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δάνειον">δανείοις</w></rs> <w lemma="ἄνωθεν">ἄνωθεν</w> 253 <lb n="25"/><w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="συγγραφή">συνγραφῶν</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμιαῖος">δραχμιαῖον</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="τόκος">τόκον</w></rs> <w lemma="ἐξ">ἐξ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="εὐθυτοκία">εὐθυτοκίας</w></rs> <w lemma="ἕλκω">ἵλκυσεν</w> <w lemma="ἔτος"><supplied reason="lost">ἐ</supplied><lb n="26" break="no"/>τῶν</w> 254 <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="πλείων">πλείονων</w>, <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="συγχωρέω">συνχωρήσας</w> <w lemma="πλῆθος">πλῆθος</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="χρῆμα">χρημάτων</w></rs> <w lemma="ἱκανός">ἱκανώτ<supplied reason="lost">ε</supplied><lb n="27" break="no"/>ρον</w>, 255 <w lemma="πάλιν">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="ἑαυτοῦ">ἁτὸν</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῇ</w> <w lemma="πρός">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <w lemma="δῆμος">δῆμον</w> <w lemma="ὑπερτίθημι">ὑπερέθετ’</w> <w lemma="εὐεργεσία">εὐεργεσίᾳ</w>· <w lemma="ὁ">τὸ</w> 256 <lb n="28"/><w lemma="γάρ">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="συνάγω">συναχθὲν</w> <w lemma="ἐκ">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ἐπιεικής">ἐπιεικεστάτης</w> <w lemma="ψῆφος">ψήφου</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="κεφάλαιον">κεφάλαιον</w></rs> <w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ἄλλος">ἄλ<lb n="29" break="no"/>λον</w> 257 <w lemma="πενταετής">πενταετῆ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="συγγράφω">συνεγράψατο</w></rs> <w lemma="χρόνος">χρόνον</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="τόκος">τόκου</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="τετρώβολος">τετρωβόλου</w></rs>· <w lemma="διέρχομαι">δι<lb n="30" break="no"/>ελθόντος</w> 258 <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="οὖτος">τούτου</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="πλείων">πλειόνων</w> <w lemma="ἄλλος">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="ἔτος">ἐτῶν</w> <w lemma="ἐπιγίγνομαι">ἐπιγε<supplied reason="lost">νο</supplied><lb n="31" break="no"/>μένων</w>, 259 <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="μή">μὴ</w> <w lemma="δύναμαι">δυνηθέντων</w> <w lemma="ἡμεῖς">ἡμῶν</w> <w lemma="διά">διὰ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ὑπό">ὑφ’</w> <w lemma="ἕτερος">ἑτέρων</w> <w lemma="γίγνμαι">γειν<supplied reason="lost">ο</supplied><lb n="32" break="no"/>μένας</w> 260 <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἐπιβάρησις">ἐπιβαρήσεις</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀποδίδωμι">ἀποδοῦναι</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὀφείλω">ὀφειλόμενα</w></rs> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτῶι</w>, <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="διά">διὰ</w> 261 <lb n="33"/><w lemma="οὖτος">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="συναθροίζω">συναθροισθέντων</w> <w lemma="διάφορος">διαφόρων</w> <w lemma="πλείων">πλειόνων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πό<supplied reason="lost">λε</supplied><lb n="34" break="no"/>ως</w> 262 <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ἔσχατος">ἐσχάτοις</w> <w lemma="ὑπάρχω">ὑπαρχούσης</w> <w lemma="κίνδυνος">κινδύνοις</w>, <w lemma="πάλιν">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="πάρειμι(εἰμί)"><supplied reason="lost">πα</supplied><lb n="35" break="no"/>ροῦσι</w> 263 <w lemma="καιρός">καιροῖς</w> <w lemma="ἡγέομαι">ἡγησάμενος</w> <w lemma="εὐσεβής">εὐσεβὲς</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="μεγαλοπρεπής">μεγαλοπρεπὲς</w> <w lemma="ὑπάρχω">ὑπ<supplied reason="lost">άρ</supplied><lb n="36" break="no"/>χειν</w> 264 <w lemma="ἑαυτοῦ">ἑαυτῷ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="προσήκω">προσήκουσαν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="πατρίς">πατρίδος</w> <w lemma="ἡμεῖς">ἡμῶν</w> <w lemma="ποιέω">ποιήσασ<supplied reason="lost">θαι</supplied></w> 265 <lb n="37"/><w lemma="φροντίς">φροντίδα</w>, <w lemma="ἀρχαῖος">ἀρχαίας</w> <w lemma="νῆσος">νήσου</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ἱερός">ἱερᾶς</w> <w lemma="ὑπάρχω">ὑπαρχούσης</w>, <w lemma="εἰμί">εἶναί</w> <w lemma="τε">θ’</w> <w lemma="ἑαυτοῦ">ἑαυτ<supplied reason="lost">ῶι</supplied></w> 266 <lb n="38"/><w lemma="πλοῦτος">πλούτου</w> <w lemma="πᾶς">παντὸς</w> <w lemma="κρατύς">κρείττονα</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="σωτηρία">σωτηρίαν</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="παρά">π<supplied reason="lost">αρὰ</supplied></w> 267 <lb n="39"/><w lemma="πᾶς">πᾶσιν</w> <w lemma="ἀγαθός">ἀγαθὴν</w> <w lemma="εὐφημία">εὐφημίαν</w>, <w lemma="πολύς">πολλὰ</w> <w lemma="πάλιν">πάλιν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="χρῆμα">χρήματ’</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἐπιδίδωμι">ἐπέδω<supplied reason="lost">κε</supplied></w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ"><supplied reason="lost">τῶι</supplied></w> 268 <lb n="40"/><w lemma="δῆμος">δήμωι</w>, <w lemma="οὐ">οὐ</w> <w lemma="μόνος">μόνον</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὀφείλω">ὀφειλομένων</w></rs> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτῶι</w> <w lemma="μέγας">μεγάλ<supplied reason="lost">α</supplied></w> <w lemma="ἀφαιρέω"><supplied reason="lost">ἀφ</supplied>ελὼ<supplied reason="lost">ν</supplied></w> 269 <lb n="41"/><rs type="economic"><w lemma="κεφάλαιον">κεφάλαια</w></rs>, <w lemma="ἀλλά">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="χρόνος">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀπόδοσις">ἀπόδοσιν</w></rs> <w lemma="ὅς">ὧν</w> <w lemma="πείθω">ἐπείσ<lb n="42" break="no"/>θη</w> 270 <w lemma="δίδωμι">δοὺς</w> <w lemma="ἑνδεκαετής">ἑνδεκαετῆ</w>, <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="οὖτος">τοῦτον</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἄτοκος">ἄτοκον</w></rs>, <w lemma="χάρις">χάριν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> 271 <lb n="43"/><w lemma="ὁ">τὸ</w> <w lemma="δυνατός">δυνατόν</w>, <w lemma="ὅσος">ὅσον</w> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπ’</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτῷ</w>, <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="νῆσος">νῆσον</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="πᾶς">πάντας</w> <w lemma="ἡμεῖς">ἡμᾶς</w> 272 <lb n="44"/><w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτῇ</w> <w lemma="συντηρέω">συντηρηθῆναι</w>, <w lemma="γίγνομαι">γενόμενος</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="μέγας">μεγίστων</w> <w lemma="ἡμεῖς">ἡμεῖ<supplied reason="lost">ν</supplied></w> 273 <lb n="45"/><w lemma="παραίτιος">παραίτιος</w> <w lemma="ἀγαθός">ἀγαθῶν</w>· <w lemma="ἐπιδημέω">ἐπιδημήσας</w> <w lemma="τε">τε</w> <w lemma="ἡμεῖς">ἡμῶν</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῇ</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλει</w> <w lemma="πλείων">πλεί<lb n="46" break="no"/>ονα</w> 274 <w lemma="χρόνος">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="σώφρων">σώφρονα</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σεμνός">σεμνὴν</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="πᾶς">πᾶσιν</w> <w lemma="προσηνής">προσηνῆ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> 275 <lb n="47"/><w lemma="ἀναστροφή">ἀναστροφὴν</w> <w lemma="ποιέω">ποιεῖται</w>· <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐφ’</w> <w lemma="ὅς">οἷς</w> <w lemma="οὐ">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="ἥσσων">ἧττον</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <w lemma="δῆμος">δῆμος</w> <w lemma="ἡμεῖς">ἡμῶν</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐ<lb n="48" break="no"/>τὸν</w> 276 <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="διά">διὰ</w> <w lemma="οὖτος">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="θαυμάζω">θαυμάζει</w> <w lemma="τε">τε</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="τιμάω">τιμᾷ</w>, <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="εἰλικρινῶς">εἰλι<supplied reason="lost">κρινῶ</supplied>ς</w> <w lemma="γνήσιος"><supplied reason="lost">γ</supplied>νησ<supplied reason="lost">ί</supplied><lb n="49" break="no"/>αν</w> 277 <w lemma="ἔχω">ἔχοντι</w> <w lemma="πρός">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="πᾶς">πάντας</w> <w lemma="φιλοστοργία">φιλοστοργίαν</w> <w lemma="εὐχαριστέω">εὐχαρισ<supplied reason="lost">τ</supplied>εῖ</w>· <w lemma="ἐν">ἔν</w> <w lemma="τε">τε</w> 278 <lb n="50"/><w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ἄλλος">ἄλλοις</w> <w lemma="πᾶς">πᾶσιν</w> <w lemma="ὡς">ὡ<supplied reason="lost">ς</supplied></w> <w lemma="δίκαιος">δικαίαν</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="εὐσεβής">εὐσεβῆ</w> <w lemma="γνώμη">γνώμην</w> <w lemma="ἔχω">ἔχων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ἁρμόζω">ἁ<supplied reason="lost">ρ</supplied><lb n="51" break="no"/>μοζούσῃ</w> 279 <w lemma="παρρησία">παρρησίᾳ</w> <w lemma="χράομαι">χρώμενος</w> <w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ἐπίστασις">ἐπίστασιν</w> <w lemma="καθίστημι">καθέστακεν</w> <w lemma="ὅσος"><supplied reason="lost">ὅ</supplied><lb n="52" break="no"/>σον</w> 280 <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπ’</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὺς</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἐπιβαρέω">ἐπιβαροῦντας</w></rs>, <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ἀδίκως">ἀδίκως</w> <w lemma="κινδυνεύω">κινδυν<supplied reason="lost">εύου</supplied><lb n="53" break="no"/>σι</w> 281 <w lemma="δίκαιος">δικαίαν</w> <w lemma="παρέχω">παρέχεται</w> <w lemma="βοήθεια">βοήθειαν</w>, <w lemma="πάντως"><supplied reason="lost">π</supplied>άν<supplied reason="lost">τω</supplied>ς</w>̣ <w lemma="τε">τε</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="πᾶς">παντὶ</w> <w lemma="καιρός">καιρ<supplied reason="lost">ῷ</supplied></w> <w lemma="πρόθυμος">πρό<lb n="54" break="no"/>θυμον</w> 282 <w lemma="ἑαυτοῦ">ἁτὸν</w> <w lemma="ἐπιδίδωμι">ἐπιδίδωσιν</w> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="πρᾶγμα">πράγματα</w>· <w lemma="ὅπως">ὅ<lb n="55" break="no"/>πως</w> 283 <w lemma="οὖν">οὖν</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <w lemma="δῆμος">δῆμος</w> <w lemma="ἡμεῖς">ἡ<supplied reason="lost">μῶν</supplied></w> <w lemma="φαίνω">φαίνηται</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ἐπιβάλλω">ἐπιβαλλούσας</w> 284 <lb n="56"/><w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="εὐεργέτης">εὐεργέταις</w> <w lemma="ἀποδίδωμι">ἀποδιδούς</w> <w lemma="χάρις">χάρ<supplied reason="omitted">ιτ</supplied>ας</w>, <w lemma="περί">πε<supplied reason="lost">ρὶ</supplied></w> <w lemma="δή"><supplied reason="lost">δὴ</supplied></w> <w lemma="οὖτος"><supplied reason="lost">τούτων</supplied></w>, <w lemma="ἀγαθός"><supplied reason="lost">ἀ</supplied><lb n="57" break="no"/>γαθῇ</w> 285 <w lemma="τύχη">τύχῃ</w>, <w lemma="δοκέω">δεδόχθαι</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῇ</w> <w lemma="βουλή">βουλῇ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῷ</w> <w lemma="δῆμος">δήμῳ</w>, <w lemma="ἐπαινέω">ἐ<supplied reason="lost">παινέσαι</supplied></w><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> 286 <lb n="58"/><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/><w part="Y"><orig>ΕΚΑΙΤΗΣ</orig></w><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> 287 <lb n="59"/><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/><w part="Y"><orig>ΟΥ</orig></w><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> 288 <lb n="60"/><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/><w part="Y"><orig><unclear>Σ</unclear>Ρ<unclear>Φ</unclear>ΙΛΛ<unclear>Μ</unclear></orig></w><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> 289 <lb n="61"/><gap reason="lost" unit="line" quantity="1"/> 290 <lb n="62"/><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/><w part="Y"><orig>I</orig></w><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> 291 <lb n="a"/><gap reason="lost" unit="line" quantity="26"/> 292 <lb n="b"/><note>seqq. vv. fere 26 valde detriti</note> 293 </ab> 294 </div> 295 296 <div type="apparatus" xml:lang="la"> 297 <head>Apparatus criticus</head> 298 <p> 299 l. 21: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἕκτων τόκων</foreign> Étienne : <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐκ<supplied reason="omitted">τὸς</supplied> τῶν τόκων</foreign> corr. Bogaert : <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐκ τῶν τόκων</foreign> alii. 300 l. 25: <foreign xml:lang="grc">εἵλκυσεν</foreign> Dobree : <foreign xml:lang="grc"><supplied reason="lost">ὥ</supplied>ρισεν</foreign> Boeckh. 301 l. 47: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἡμῶν</foreign> Étienne : <foreign xml:lang="grc"><supplied reason="lost">ζ</supplied>ηλοῖ</foreign> alii. 302 l. 50: <foreign xml:lang="grc"><orig>Ο</orig><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"></gap> δικαίαν</foreign> Étienne (unde <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὡ<supplied reason="lost">ς</supplied> δικαίαν</foreign> Migeotte) : <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὢν δίκαιος</foreign> alii. 303 <foreign xml:lang="grc">καθέστακεν</foreign> Wilhelm, Hiller von Gaertringen (transcriptio). 304 l. 52: <foreign xml:lang="grc">τοῖς ἀδίκως κινδυν<supplied reason="lost">εύου</supplied>-</foreign> Wilhelm. 305 l. 53: <foreign xml:lang="grc"><supplied reason="lost">π</supplied>άν<supplied reason="lost">τω</supplied>ς</foreign>̣ rest. Hiller von Gaertringen. 306 l. 54: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπὶ τὰ τῆς πόλεως πράγματα</foreign> Hiller von Gaertringen. 307 l. 56: <foreign xml:lang="grc">χάρ<supplied reason="omitted">ιτ</supplied>ας</foreign> corr. et rest. Hiller von Gaertringen. 308 </p> 309 </div> 310 311 <div type="translation" xml:lang="en" xml:space="preserve"> 312 <head>Translation</head> 313 <lb/><p> 314 Resolved by the Boule and the Demos, proposal of the prytaneis: considering that Lucius Aufidius Bassus, son of Lucius, continues in all matters to be kind both to the city in common and to each of the citizens individually, having inherited his father’s goodwill towards our people, and has rendered many and great services to the city and remitted several amounts of money with magnificence and goodness; 315 considering that his father, at the time when the Common War had arisen and the incessantly recurring pirate raids forced our island to overburden itself with debts in no ordinary manner, he alone and the first among those who had drawn up a contract with us, placing the safety of the city before his own profit, lent us as much money as we proposed most eagerly, at much lower interest in comparison to those current at the time, and that he showed leniency about this matter for his whole life and continued saying and doing in any circumstance whatever was better and useful for the city and because of these good services our people, having actually experienced the benefits coming from his good deeds, immediately bestowed the proper honours on him by decree; 316 considering that <supplied reason="subaudible">Lucius Aufidius Bassus</supplied>, after having succeeded his father contended in goodwill towards the city, and that two contracts left to him by his father towards the city at an interest rate of 1/6, one of 11,000 Attic drachms and the other one of 19,500 Attic drachms, he carried over without receiving any money, because the people begged him to do so, and for the other debts he drew a simple interest at the rate of one drachm for several years, going back to the time of the contracts; considering that, having granted a more considerable sum of money, he surpassed himself in good deeds towards the people again: the capital gathered according to the fairest reckoning, he put under contract for another period of five years at an interest of 4 obols; 317 considering that, as this period of time had elapsed and many other years gone by in addition, as we were not able to pay back the money we owed him because of charges imposed by others and because of this many profits had been accumulated and the city was in the utmost danger, considering again that in the present circumstances it would have been a sign of devotion and magnificence for him to bestow upon our country the proper care, as the island was ancient and sacred, and that his good reputation among people and the safety of the city meant much more to him than his wealth, he gave again a large amount of money to the people, not only remitting large amounts of capital from what we owed him but consenting to grant us a period of 11 years to give him back the money we persuaded him to give us, without imposing any rate of interest, in order to preserve, as far as it was possible for him, the island and us all on it, becoming to us the source of the greatest benefits; 318 considering that he stayed in our city for a long period of time and behaved wisely, nobly and kindly towards anyone and our people don’t admire and honour him less for this reason and are thankful to him for his absolutely genuine affection for everybody; 319 considering that in any other matter, as he had a just and pious opinion and spoke with proper frankness, he stopped, as far as it was possible for him, those who overloaded us and gave the rightful support to those who were unjustly in danger; 320 considering that he displays his zeal totally and in any circumstances when the interests of the city are at stake; 321 in order to make clear that our people express the proper gratitude towards their benefactors. 322 About this, with Good Fortune! The Boule and the demos decreed that <supplied reason="subaudible">he</supplied> should be praised <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="line"></gap> 323 </p> 324 </div> 325 326 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en" xml:space="preserve"> 327 <head>Commentary</head> 328 <lb/><p>The date of the inscription is firmly anchored in the <date>first half of the first century BC</date>; there are no precise or explicit chronological data in the text, but the mention of a <foreign xml:lang="grc">κοινὸς πόλεμος</foreign> at l. 8 leaves two possible options: either the campaign against pirates by Pompey in 67 (so Boeckh in <title level="m">CIG</title> II 2335; Dareste 1884, 363; Billeter 1898, 94; and Maróti 1962, esp. 125-126) or the war Rome and her allies fought against Mithridates <date>from 88 to 84 BC</date> (this historical context is preferred by Hiller von Gaetringen in <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> XII 5 860; Bogaert 1968, 193 with n. 346; L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title>, 224</bibl>). So the activity of Lucius Aufidius Bassus’ father on Tenos can be dated as roughly between <date>88 and 67 BC</date>. After that, several years must have gone by before the proposal and approval of a decree for his son; although an exact assessment of how many years is impossible, the decree in honour of Lucius Aufidius Bassus can be dated to around the middle of the century with a good degree of likelihood.</p> 329 <lb/><p>The stele carries precisely the text of this honorific decree for Lucius Aufidius Bassus, issued by the community of the Tenians. The part of the document which focuses on the motives why this man deserved such an honour provides a very detailed account of these reasons and dwells at length upon then (a bit verbosely), from l. 1 to l. 54, i.e. the largest part of what remains. The hortatory intent is limited to a short formula between l. 54 and 56, then the resolution formula is preserved (both the Boule and the Demos of Tenos are involved in the resolution). However, the part in which the honours awarded to Lucius Aufidius Bassus presumably were listed has been lost (Hiller von Gaertringen estimated the extent of this missing final portion of the document to be about 30 lines). According to the hypothesis of Payne 1984, 278; these might have been of proxeny status, other honours attendant with proxeny, title of Benefactor and perhaps even the dedication of a statue. Perhaps the lost lines also contained dispositions for the inscribing and the collocation of the stone(s) with the text of the honorific decree. The plural “stones” in the previous sentence may be a correct guess, since there are two known inscriptions from Tenos – <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> XII 5 860</bibl> and <bibl><title level="m">SEG</title> 29 756</bibl> – carrying the same text of the decree. It is likely that at least two copies of the decree were provided for, perhaps to be displayed in two different “significant” places in the topography of the city (one in the agora and the other in the polyadic sanctuary, as suggested by Étienne 1979, 148), such was the will of the Tenians to properly honour their benefactor and to make him and his family a public example of generosity.</p> 330 <lb/><p>As to the family of the honorand, in this case - even if it is not so surprising or uncommon - family history matters: indeed, there are two prominent personalities making their appearance in the document, and next to Lucius Aufidius Bassus, the honorand of this decree, there is his father Lucius Aufidius. Lucius Aufidius Senior has been identified with a homonymous banker previously known on Delos <date>at the end of the 2nd century/beginning of the 1st century BC</date> (Hatzfeld 1919, 43; Hatzfeld 1912, 19 no. 4; <title level="m">I.Délos</title> 1728, cf. Bogaert 1976, no. 6; <title level="m">I.Délos</title> 1729; Hatzfeld and Roussel 1910, 398-399 nos. 44-45). From the text of the inscription, it can be assumed that at least for a limited period of time he moved his business to Tenos and maybe died here. This most probably happened towards the end of his life and may have involved only a part of his business. For a more detailed commentary on the career of this man, see Bogaert 1968, 190 and 195-196 and, more recently, Mendoni, Zoumbaki 2008, 212-213. Most importantly, the elder Lucius Aufidius was also a great benefactor of the Tenians, and the decree states (l. 18) that he too was properly honoured as such by a decree. Although this earlier text is not extant, it was evidently taken into account – with all its content and the history of the relationship between the Tenians and the honorand of that decree – when his son was to be honoured, and it was most likely not very different in character and tone from the one dedicated to his son.</p> 331 <lb/><p>After the death of the father, his son took over his financial and maybe banking business on Tenos. Most importantly for those who drew up the text of this decree, Lucius Aufidius Bassus was the worthy successor of his father with respect to his behaviour towards the city of Tenos, following his father’s path in generously financing it in hard times. Judging from the extent of Lucius Aufidius Bassus’ patience and generosity towards the Tenians, L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title>, 228 was right in assuming he could rely on a considerable personal wealth, most likely as a result of his father’s and his own efforts in business, or he would not have taken such risks. Maybe Lucius Aufidius Bassus was not staying on Tenos anymore when this decree was passed, since his stay is referred to in the aorist past (l. 45 <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπιδημήσας</foreign>), although his behaviour towards the Tenians is described in the present tense (so Bogaert 1968, 196 and L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title>, 225). In any event, with this decree and the decree for Lucius Aufidius Senior, the Tenians showed how much they cared about their relationship with the Aufidii family and how great was their desire to maintain a strong bond with their benefactors. For a more detailed commentary on the life and activity of Lucius Aufidius Bassus see Mendoni, Zoumbaki 2008, 214-218.</p> 332 <lb/><p>These introductory elements should allow the reader to frame the inscription in a broader picture; the following commentary will mainly focus on discussing economic aspects related to this inscription. In order to give a full and clear account, the text will be considered in small portions commented upon separately:</p> 333 <lb/><p>ll. 1-7: The text sums up in general terms the reasons why Lucius Aufidius Bassus is honoured by the people of Tenos; his “good deeds” consisted mainly in financial benefits towards the city, since “he remitted several amounts of money” (l. 7).</p> 334 <lb/><p>ll. 7-18: This rather long digression on the activity of the honorand’s father on the island is not only meant to make a proper display of a significant family precedent for the goodwill of Lucius Aufidius Bassus towards the city and of the good financial relations between Tenos and the family (see discussion above), but it is also necessary to go back to the loans granted by the father to Tenos to give some measure of the son’s generosity. When there was the “Common War” and the pirates tormented the island with their continuous raids, the city went deeply in debt, probably because it had to face high defence expenditures and maybe also to give some contribution, financial or material, to the military actions. The city drew up written contracts with its creditors about these loans (l. 10 <foreign xml:lang="grc">τῶν συνηλαχότων</foreign>). Lucius Aufidius Senior, alone among those creditors, made the sum agreed upon immediately available to the city and granted a rate of interest that was more favourable than that current at the time. What’s more important, the text states he “was patient” about this matter throughout his whole life: he probably granted delays in payment to the city on various occasions, and maybe remissions of a part of the debt. Because of this, the city had already paid him an honour similar to the one it was bestowing on his son.</p> 335 <lb/><p>ll. 19-23: At his father’s death, Lucius Aufidius Bassus inherited two credits the former had with the Tenians. These credits had been granted at an interest rate of 1/6 (<foreign xml:lang="grc">ἕκτων τόκων</foreign>; see further in the commentary for the textual and interpretative problems posed by this expression), about 16.7 %, which is per se rather high, but reasonable enough if compared with rates known from other contemporary and similar situations, when the transaction was between ruthless Roman financiers and Greek cities which were in such a miserable state to be forced to accept much heavier conditions, without any possibility to pick and choose or alternative. An example is the transaction between the city of Gytheion and the Cloatii (<bibl><title level="m">IG</title> V 1 1146</bibl> and L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title>, 90-96 no. 24), which initially set a rate of interest of 48%. So in this case the creditor (Lucius Aufudius Bassus’ father) was undoubtedly generous in a certain way.</p> 336 <lb/><p>The reading <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐκ τῶν τόκων</foreign> at l. 21 gave commentators no little trouble in the past: it was not easy to understand what the meaning of two written contracts (<foreign xml:lang="grc">συνγραφαί</foreign>) inherited by the son “as a result of the interest”/ “because of the interest”. The expression <foreign xml:lang="grc">συγγραφή/συγγραφαὶ ἐκ τῶν τόκων</foreign> has no parallel in ancient sources. Some commentators hazarded that these contracts were stipulated from accumulated interest (Billeter 1898, 95 and Dareste 1884, 363) or because of unpaid interest (Hatzfeld 1919, 205 n. 3), but these hypotheses are very far from satisfactory and find no basis in ancient documents of economic nature, as already stated above. According to L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title>, 226, the term <foreign xml:lang="grc">συγγραφή</foreign>: “<quote><foreign xml:lang="fr">dans le crédit public … désigne toujours le contract original réglant le conditions de l’emprunt</foreign></quote>". In general, such a strict limitation for the term may be questioned; from <date>mid-4th century BC</date>, it is used quite flexibly to define several types of transactions and the term itself without further specification can hardly be taken as a “label” to classify the type of transaction that was registered in that document, let alone the conditions the two parties agreed upon during the transaction (cf. Bianchini 1979). In <date>1st century BC</date>, four additional cases are known where Greek cities were grated loans by Romans – L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title> 24, 75, 95 and 105, and in these cases the lexical choices to denote the involved “contracts” and transactions are either <foreign xml:lang="grc">συγγραφή</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="grc">συνάλλαγμα</foreign>. Nevertheless Migeotte’s interpretation fits very well in this specific case, especially if you accept the reading <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἕκτων</foreign> by Étienne (cf. infra) instead of <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐκ τῶν</foreign>: in this commentary the <foreign xml:lang="grc">συγγραφαί</foreign> mentioned at l. 20 are interpreted as the original contracts stipulated between Lucius Aufidius Senior and the city to regulate the conditions of the loans he granted to the Tenians.</p> 337 <lb/><p>Bogaert 1979, 129 suggested a different solution by connecting the expression <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐκ τῶν τόκων</foreign> at l. 21 (probably a mistake for <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐκ<supplied reason="omitted" >τός</supplied></foreign>) with the verb <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐλοιπογράφησεν</foreign> at l. 23: in his interpretation Lucius Aufidius would have allowed the capital to remain in arrear, but would have remitted the outstanding interest (his translation: “<quote><foreign xml:lang="fr">et deux contrats laissés à lui par son père contre la cité, il les a inscrits pour solde excepté les intérêts</foreign></quote>”). The solution of the problem comes with the reading <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἕκτων τόκων</foreign> by Étienne 1979, 146, which is accepted in the text by Migeotte and is based on good comparison in ancient use (singular or plural genitive case is frequently used for expressions indicating interest rates, see L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title>, 226 n. 326 and 270 n. 40; loans at an interest rate of 1/6 are rarely, but certainly attested, see Étienne 1979, 146): both the translation and the commentary here given are based on this reading. According to this interpretation, the son inherited two contracts from his father at an interest rate of 1/6 and although he had the right to exact repayment according to the terms of the contracts, he granted the city a moratorium. He didn’t exact the money the Tenians owed him (he didn’t get back the capital his father lent; it isn’t certain if he remitted the outstanding interest or not) and simply extended the loans at the same rate of interest; in the current translation “he carried them over”. (The verb <foreign xml:lang="grc">λοιπογραφέω</foreign>, known only from epigraphic and papyrological sources, has not always been correctly interpreted by commentators: see Dareste 1884, 363, “<quote><foreign xml:lang="fr">il en fit remise gratuitement</foreign></quote>”, followed by Hatzfeld 1919, 84 and 208, n. 2 and 3, and Ziebarth 1929, 116 n. 113; for the correct meaning <foreign xml:lang="fr">inscrire pour solde</foreign> see Bogaert 1979, 129; L. Robert, <title level="m">OMS</title> IV, 204 and L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title>, 226 n. 328).</p> 338 <lb/><p>The sums at ll. 22-23 (11,000 and 19,500 Attic drachms) evidently represent the capital Lucius Aufidius Senior originally lent to the Tenians (Bogaert 1968, 193; Bogaert 1979, 129; L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title>, 226-227), and not, as Hatzfeld 1919, 205 no. 3 supposed, the joint amount of the capital and the accumulated interest.</p> 339 <lb/><p>ll. 24-25: The text reads <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἄλλα δάνεια</foreign>: apart from Billeter, who thought this was the capital Lucius Aufidius Senior originally lent to the Tenians, in opposition to the <foreign xml:lang="grc">συγγραφαί</foreign> of l. 20, which according to his interpretation were contracts regarding only accumulated interest on that original capital (Billeter 1898, 96 n. 1), all previous commentators simply assumed this to be other, different credits Lucius Aufidius Bassus inherited from his father, in addition to those two mentioned separately at l. 20 (see for example Bogaert 1968, 194 and Hatzfeld 1919, 208 with n. 3). L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title>, 226 emphasizes the strong opposition <foreign xml:lang="grc">μέν-δέ</foreign> in the Greek text, between <foreign xml:lang="grc">καὶ δύο μὲν συνγραφὰς καταλελειμμένας ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῶι</foreign> (ll. 20-21) and <foreign xml:lang="grc">τοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις δανείοις</foreign> (l. 24): he suggests that it is possible that the city incurred these debts more recently and not with Lucius Aufidius’ father, but directly with Lucius Aufidius himself. In any case, these contracts expired as well, but the city managed again to get a moratorium from Lucius Aufidius and, most importantly, a significant reduction of the interest rate to a drachm per mina and per month, with retroactive effect, i.e. backdating to the time these contracts had been drawn up. The text states explicitly that the interest is simple (<foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐξ εὐθυτοκίας</foreign>), and this probably suggests that the creditor had originally required a compound interest to be registered as a condition in the contracts. This switch from compound to simple interest was a major advantage to the city, and a very generous concession by Lucius Aufidius Bassus.</p> 340 <lb/><p>l. 26: The text states that Lucius Aufidius Bassus granted to the city “a more considerable sum of money” and this is open to two different interpretations: either the same concession as in ll. 24-25 (Hatzfeld 1919, 208-209 esp. n. 4; Bogaert 1968, 194) or (better: cf. comparative <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἱκανώτερον</foreign>) another, different credit granted to the city by Lucius Aufidius Bassus, and in this case he granted a more considerable sum of money than the sums involved in the previous transactions (Dareste 1884, 363; Billeter 1898, 97-98, L. Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title>, 226-227).</p> 341 <lb/><p>ll. 27-29: Here there is another major concession by Lucius Aufidius Bassus to the Tenians: he grants them a renewal of all the debts the city has accumulated over time towards him and his father, by drawing up a contract lasting 5 years at a very favourable interest rate of 4 obols (8%). Presumably, it was no simple matter to handle: they had to resort to “the fairest reckoning” to establish exactly the status of the debts, capital and unpaid interest involved in the different transactions over time.</p> 342 <lb/><p>ll. 30-45: This is the apex of Aufidius’ generosity towards the Tenians: the time being long overdue, the city is still not able to pay him back, even at the very favourable conditions he had granted them in the last transaction (ll. 27-29). Tenos is in “utmost danger”, probably under constant threat of an attack during the Roman civil wars, debt laden and very likely victim of war requisitions/tributes (l. 31 ... because of charges imposed by others ...). In these circumstances, the text says, Lucius Aufidius Bassus remitted a large part of the debt and granted an interest-free respite of 11 years for the payment of the money the city still owed him. He clearly, completely, gave in to the Tenians’ pleas: it is no surprise to find him honoured as a saviour of the island and the citizens. Perhaps the Tenians also owed him another important kind of “financial” support during the rough times of the civil wars: at l. 51-52 the text says that Lucius Aufidius Bassus “stopped, as far as it was possible for him, those who overloaded (<foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπιβαροῦντας</foreign>: note the same lexical choice as in l. 31, <foreign xml:lang="grc">τὰς ὑφ’ ἑτέρων γειν<supplied reason="lost">ο</supplied>μένας ἐπιβαρήσεις</foreign>) the Tenians. It could be inferred that Lucius Aufidius Bassus went so far as to choose in some case to exploit his influence to try to prevent overwhelming Roman pressure (or more in general, other less accommodating creditors’ claims) from completely wrecking the finances of Tenos, maybe by acting himself as a sort of intermediary/negotiator on behalf of the city.</p> 343 <lb/><p>To conclude, probably Tenos was at last able to repay what was left of its debts, honouring the deadline, otherwise there would have been mention of further transactions between the city and Aufidius Bassus in order to display the full amount of his generosity.</p> 344 <lb/> 345 <lb/> 346 <lb/><p>Bianchini, M. (1979), 'La συγγραφή ed il problema delle forme contrattuali', in A. Biscardi (ed.), <title level="m">Symposion 1974: Vortrage zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte</title>, Koln - Wien - Bohlau, 245–258</p> 347 <lb/><p>Billeter, G. (1898), <title level="m">Geschichte Des Zinsfusses im griechisch-römischen Altertum bis auf Justinian</title>, Leipzig</p> 348 <lb/><p>Bogaert, R. (1968), <title level="m">Banques et Banquiers dans les cités grecques</title>, Leiden</p> 349 <lb/><p>Bogaert, R. (1976), <title level="m">Epigraphica III: Texts on bankers, banking and the credit in the Greek world</title>, Leiden</p> 350 <lb/><p>Bogaert, R. (1979), 'Remarques sur deux inscriptions grecques concernant le credit public', <title>ZPE</title> 33, 126-130</p> 351 <lb/><p>Dareste, R. (1884), 'Sur la suggraphe en droit grec et en droit romain', <title>BCH</title> 8, 362-376</p> 352 <lb/><p>Dobree, P.P. (1824), 'Greek Inscriptions from the Marbles in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge', <title>CJ</title> 30, 141-143</p> 353 <lb/><p>Donati, A. (1965), 'I Romani nell’Egeo: i documenti dell’età repubblicana', <title>Epigraphica</title> 27, 3-59</p> 354 <lb/><p>Étienne, R. (1979), 'Tenos et L. Aufidius Bassus (<title>IG</title>, XII, 5, 860)', <title>ZPE</title> 36, 145-149</p> 355 <lb/><p>Étienne, R. (1990), <title level="m">Ténos II. Ténos et les Cyclades du milieu du IVe siècle avant J.-C. au milieu du IIIe siècle après J.-C</title>, Paris</p> 356 <lb/><p>Georgantopoulos, E. (1889), <title level="m">Τηνιακά</title>, Athens</p> 357 <lb/><p>Hatzfeld, J. (1912), 'Les Italiens résidant à Délos mentionnés dans les inscriptions de l'île', <title>BCH</title> 36, 5-218</p> 358 <lb/><p>Hatzfeld, J. (1919), <title level="m">Les trafiquants italiens</title>, Paris</p> 359 <lb/><p>Hatzfeld, J. and P. Roussel (1910), 'Fouilles de Délos exécutées aux frais de M. le Duc de Loubat. Décrets, dédicaces et inscriptions funéraires (1905-1908) II', <title>BCH</title> 34, 355-423</p> 360 <lb/><p>Larsen, J.A.O. (1938), 'Roman Greece', in T. Frank (ed.), <title level="m">An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome</title>, vol. 4, Baltimore, 259-498</p> 361 <lb/><p>Maróti, E. (1962), 'Ho koinos polemos', <title>Klio</title> 40, 124-127</p> 362 <lb/><p>Mendoni, L.G. and S.B. Zoumbaki (2008), <title level="m">Roman Names in the Cyclades</title>, Athens</p> 363 <lb/><p>Nigdelis, P.M. (1990), <title level="m">Πολίτευμα και κοινωνία των πόλεων των Κυκλάδων</title>, Thessalonike</p> 364 <lb/><p>Payne, M.J. (1984), <title level="m">Aretas eneken: honors to Romans and Italians in Greece from 260 to 27 B.C</title>, Ann Arbor</p> 365 <lb/><p>Rose, H.J. (1825), <title level="m">Inscriptiones Graecae vetustissimae</title>, Cambridge</p> 366 <lb/><p>de Souza, P. (1999), <title level="m">Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World</title>, Cambridge</p> 367 <lb/><p>Tréheux, J. (1986), 'Le règlement de Samothrace sur le fond d’achat du blé', <title>BCH</title> 110, 419-423</p> 368 <lb/><p>Wilhelm, A. (1898), 'Review of Michel Ch., Recueil d’inscriptions grecques', <title>GGA</title> 160, 201-235</p> 369 <lb/><p>Ziebarth, E. (1929), <title level="m">Beiträge zur Geschichte des Seeraubs und Seehandels im alten Griechenland</title>, Hamburg</p> 370 </div> 371 372 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 373 <head>Author</head> 374 <p> Laura Francesca Carlini</p> 375 </div> 376 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 377 <head>Last update</head> 378 <p>March 2017</p> 379 </div> 380 381 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 382 <head>DOI</head> 383 <p>10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI032</p> 384 </div> 385 386 </body> 387 </text> 388</TEI>