GEI036B
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[ - - - ] the expense that will be sustained for the stelai and the ambassadors, it shall be requested that the treasurer Euippos pays it in advance, taking as guarantee the fund consisting of the first revenues for the protection of the city after the prytany of Herakleidas; the keepers of the register of debts shall write down that the city is indebted to him at an interest rate of one sixth, and the treasurer who will be appointed to the administration shall pay back to him both the original sum and the interest from the above-mentioned fund; the men who will be appointed to the task shall provide for the inscription and the dedication to the gods; this decree shall be valid for the protection and safety of the city and its territory forever; the man who has been appointed “introducer of the law”, E[...]os, shall bring it before the tribunal of the nomothetai, so that the city and its territory shall enjoy security in conformity with the law in every respect; the decree shall be read in every assembly, whenever the college of the strategoi is appointed.
Ambassadors: Euippos, son of Laonikos, Andreas, son of Herostratos, Nikeratos, son of Apollodoros, Polyphron, son of [Eu]medes.
Ratified under the prytany of Herakleidas, son of Zoilos, on the third-to-last day of the month of Amoloios, while the strategos Andreas, son of Herostratos, presided over the assembly. Commentary:
The inscription contains the final dispositions of a decree of the city of Kyme; instructions for the publishing of the decree are given, along with details about an advance of funds to be requested of the treasurer Euippos in order to front the expenses for the publishing itself.
The text exists in two copies, with minimal differences in ll. 7-8 and 15-18. One copy, first published in 1888 (Baltazzi 1888, 362-364), was last edited in full as I.Kyme 12; and contains only the final section of the decree (details about this inscription can be found here [→ scheda A]); the second one was found in the theater excavations in 1989 (Manganaro 1993, 41). From this point onwards, the first copy will be referred to as the I.Kyme copy, while the second one will be referred to as the theater copy. Line numbers in the commentary always refer to the theater copy, unless otherwise specified.
The theater copy has been recognized by Hamon (2008) as making up the lower half of a plaque whose upper half was also found in the theater excavations in 2002 and later published by Manganaro (2004). A shorter section ( h: 0.10-0.40 m ) is missing in between the two fragments (Hamon 2008, 90). The first half of the decree (not reproduced here; for the full text and translation, see Hamon 2008, 94-96) defines the obligations of the city's strategoi. The text can be dated on paleographic grounds to the second quarter of the third century BC (Hamon 2008, 98-101): the scribe may be the same of the great inscription with a request of shields from the city of Kyme to Philetairos, also published by Manganaro (2000). This helps clarify the context and importance of the decree (stressed in ll. 9-15 of the current text), as well as its connection with the στρατάγιον (l. 15), but does not account for the sending of ambassadors, since the dispositions seem to affect exclusively the city of Kyme ( Hamon 2008, 97-98, suggests that a copy was meant to be deposited in a sanctuary). It should be noted that the treasurer Euippos, of whom the advance of funds is requested, is also the proponent of the decree.
The main economic interest of this text lies in the procedure by which the treasurer is asked to front the expenses for the publishing of the decree and the sending of ambassadors (ll. 1-8). The city requires Euippos to pay for them in advance; the loan will be guaranteed by a specific fund in the city's budget, as well as written down by public officials, and paid back at an interest rate of 16.67%.
Euippos' advance of funds is defined by the verb προεισφέρειν, but the description of the procedure sets it apart from other known examples of προεισφορά. On a textual level, note that προεισενέγκαι (l. 3) is to be taken with τὸ δὲ ἀν̣[άλωμα] as the direct object and εἴς τε τ[αὶς στάλλαις καὶ] τοὶς πρεσβευτα[ὶς] as a final adjunct: for the reading and construction in ll. 1-2 of the I.Kyme copy, see the remarks by Jeanne and Louis Robert (BE 1973 370; 1974 468), which refute the proposal by Etienne (1973, 240-242) to read τοῖς πρεσβευτα[ῖσι]. The use of προεισφέρειν connects the inscription from Kyme with the examples of προεισφορά discussed by Helly (1971; cited texts range from the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD). Helly's analysis shows that the contributions defined by προεισφέρειν/προεισφορά are made by private citizens to help a city cope with a difficult financial situation, and take the shape of a reimbursable advance of funds that is normally interest-free (ἄτοκον) and does not need formal guarantees (Helly 1971, 21-23). In regard to the last two points (the presence of a formal guarantee for the loan and the interest rate), Euippos' προεισφορά represents an exception to Helly's model (thus also Etienne 1973, 243).
Euippos' loan is guaranteed both by written registration of the debt (ll. 5-6; Migeotte, Emprunt, 383-384 n. 129, argues that it is unusual for a contract to be written in the case of loans ordered by decree) and by the stipulation that it will be paid back with the revenues of the fund «for the protection of the city» (ll. 3-4, 7-8). As Jeanne and Louis Robert have argued (BE 1973 370; 1974 468), the expression in l. 3 of the I.Kyme copy is to be understood as ἐπὶ πόρῳ τοῖς πρώτοις πορισθησομένοισι: the second dative is an apposition that defines the fund to be used as guarantee. An alternative reading, taking πόρω as a genitive (Aeolic), was suggested by Etienne (1973, 242-243 n. 10), but requires the reader to understand πόρος as meaning “budget”, which is both unusual (see again Robert, BE 1974 468) and in contrast with the use of πόρος in l. 7, where it clearly refers to “the (above-mentioned) fund”. It is common for a city to give some part of its revenues as a guarantee for a loan; examples of this practice can be found in Migeotte (Emprunt, e.g. nos. 55, 79-a), but perhaps the most important parallel, due to its chronological proximity, is the request of shields from the city of Kyme to Philetairos (Manganaro 2000, 404-405, l. 9). In the case of Euippos' προεισφορά, Jeanne and Louis Robert (BE 1973 370) suggested that the choice of the fund εἰς τὰμ φυλακὰν τᾶς πόλιος (l. 4) for the reimbursement was connected to the decree's content; this hypothesis has been confirmed by the restitution of the initial section, since the text does indeed deal with the strategoi's obligations regarding the defense of the city (see Hamon 2008, 69-81, for details).
The second peculiar trait of Euippos' προεισφορά is the stipulation of an interest rate of 1/6 (l. 6). The presence of a τόκος is atypical for προεισφοραί (see again Helly 1971, 21); moreover, a rate of 16.67% is unusually high in general, since the interest rates for public loans in the 3rd century normally remained between 8% and 12% (Billeter 1898, 65-70). This has been interpreted as a sign of great need on the city's part (Etienne 1973, 244), but could also be due to a lack of citizens willing to pay for the decree's expenses without interest, which led to the need to impose the advance on the treasurer Euippos (Migeotte, Emprunt, 270). Anyway, an interest rate of 1/6 is not entirely unparalleled in the first half of the 3rd century: an inscription from Sigeion (Migeotte, Emprunt 78, l. 4) attests that an unknown benefactor had loaned a sum of 200 Phocaean staters to the city at the same rate (about this text, see Gatti 1967; according to the author, it is highly improbable that the loan was made by a citizen of Sigeion).
In conclusion, it should be noted that, while the text does not provide enough information to understand the reasons for the presence of a written guarantee of Euippos' loan nor for the stipulation of so high an interest rate, both these traits set the inscription from Kyme apart from the examples of προεισφοραί collected by Helly (1971). The restitution of the initial section of the decree by Hamon (2008) helps clarify its historical and political context, but gives no substantial new evidence as far as economic aspects are concerned.
Baltazzi, D. (1888), 'Inscriptions de l'Éolide', BCH 12, 358-376
Billeter, G. (1898), Geschichte des Zinsfusses im Griechisch-römischen Altertum bis auf Justinian, Leipzig
Etienne, R. (1973), 'Sur une proeisphora à Kymé d'Eolide', ZPE 12, 239-246
Gatti, C. (1967), 'Aspetti della εὐεργεσία nel mondo ellenistico (a proposito di prestiti di privati a città)', PP 94, 192-213
Hamon, P. (2008), ‘Kymè d’Éolide, cité libre et démocratique, et le pouvoir des stratèges’, Chiron 38, 63-106
Helly, B. (1971), 'ΠΡΟΕΙΣΦΕΡΕΙΝ: Une inscription de Kiérion en Thessalie', RA 1, 15-28
Manganaro, G. (1993), 'Nuove iscrizioni di Kyme eolica', in Studi su Kyme Eolica. Atti della giornata di studio della scuola di specializzazione in archeologia dell'università di Catania (Catania, 16 maggio 1990), Catania, 35-47
Manganaro, G. (2000), 'Kyme e il dinasta Philetairos', Chiron 30, 403-413
Manganaro, G. (2004), 'Doveri dello stratego nella Kyme eolica, a regime democratico, nel III sec. a.C.', EA 37, 63-68 Author: Martina Astrid Rodda Last update: March 2017 DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI036B
Kyme. Fragmentary decree about an advance of funds (theater copy)
Fragment B
Translation: [ - - - ]
[. c. 50.]· τὸ
δὲ ἀν[άλωμα τὸ] ἐσσόμενον εἴς τε ταὶς στ[άλλαις καὶ] τοὶς πρεσβευ-
τα[ὶς] παρακαλέσσαι τὸν ταμίαν Εὔ̣ιππον προεισενέγκαι ἐπὶ πόρῳ τοῖς
πρώτοις πορισθησομένοισι εἰς τὰμ φυλακὰν τᾶς πόλιος μετὰ πρύτα-
5νιν Ἡρακλείδαν· τοὶς δὲ χρεοφύλακ̣ας ἀναγράψαι αὐτῷ τὰν πόλιν
ὀφέλλοισα̣ν τόκω ἕκτω καὶ τὸν ταμία̣ν τὸν ἀπ̣οδειχθησ̣όμενον ἐπὶ τᾶς
διοικήσιος ἀποδόμεναι αὐτῷ τό τε ἀρχαῖον καὶ τὸν τόκον ἐκ τῶ πόρω
τῶ γεγραμμένω· τᾶς δὲ̣ ἀ̣ναγραφᾶς καὶ τᾶς ἀναθέσιος τοὶς θ[εοῖσι]
ἐπιμελήθην τοὶς ἄνδρας τοὶς ἀποδειχθησομένοις· ἔμμεναι δὲ τὸ ψάφισ-
10μα τοῦτο εἰς φυλ̣ακὰν καὶ σωτηρίαν τᾶς πόλιος καὶ τᾶς χώρας κύριον εἰς
πάντα τὸν χρόνον· τὸν δὲ ἀποδεδειγμένον εἰσαγωγέα τῶ νόμω Ε[...]-
ρον εἰσενέγκαι αὐτὸ εἰς τὸ νομοθετικὸν δικαστήριον, ἵνα ὑπάρχῃ
ἀσφάλεια τᾷ πόλει καὶ τᾷ χώρᾳ ἐννόμως̣ κα̣τ̣ὰ̣ πάντα τρόπον· ἀναγινώ-
σκεσθαι δὲ τὸ ψάφι̣σμα κατ’ ἑκάσταν ἐκκλη[σί]α̣ν, ἐπεί κε ἀποδειχθῇ
15τὸ στρατάγιον. (vac. ) πρεσβευταί· (vac. ) Εὔιππος Λ̣αονίκω, (vac. ) Ἀνδρέ̣α̣ς Ἡροστράτω,
Νικήρατος Ἀπολλοδώρω, (vac. ) Πολύφρων̣ [Ε]ὐ̣μή̣δω· (vac. ) ἐ[κ]υ̣ρώθ[η] ἐπὶ πρυτάνιος
Ἡρα̣κλείδα τῶ Ζω[ί]λω, μην̣νὸς Ἀμολωίω τρίτᾳ ἀπιόντος, στραταγῶ
ἐπεστακόντος τᾷ ἐκ̣[κ]λ̣ησίᾳ (vac. ) Ἀνδρέα τῶ Ἡροστράτω. (vac. )
(vac. )
[. c. 50.]· τὸ
δὲ ἀν[άλωμα τὸ] ἐσσόμενον εἴς τε ταὶς στ[άλλαις καὶ] τοὶς πρεσβευ-
τα[ὶς] παρακαλέσσαι τὸν ταμίαν Εὔ̣ιππον προεισενέγκαι ἐπὶ πόρῳ τοῖς
πρώτοις πορισθησομένοισι εἰς τὰμ φυλακὰν τᾶς πόλιος μετὰ πρύτα-
5νιν Ἡρακλείδαν· τοὶς δὲ χρεοφύλακ̣ας ἀναγράψαι αὐτῷ τὰν πόλιν
ὀφέλλοισα̣ν τόκω ἕκτω καὶ τὸν ταμία̣ν τὸν ἀπ̣οδειχθησ̣όμενον ἐπὶ τᾶς
διοικήσιος ἀποδόμεναι αὐτῷ τό τε ἀρχαῖον καὶ τὸν τόκον ἐκ τῶ πόρω
τῶ γεγραμμένω· τᾶς δὲ̣ ἀ̣ναγραφᾶς καὶ τᾶς ἀναθέσιος τοὶς θ[εοῖσι]
ἐπιμελήθην τοὶς ἄνδρας τοὶς ἀποδειχθησομένοις· ἔμμεναι δὲ τὸ ψάφισ-
10μα τοῦτο εἰς φυλ̣ακὰν καὶ σωτηρίαν τᾶς πόλιος καὶ τᾶς χώρας κύριον εἰς
πάντα τὸν χρόνον· τὸν δὲ ἀποδεδειγμένον εἰσαγωγέα τῶ νόμω Ε[...]-
ρον εἰσενέγκαι αὐτὸ εἰς τὸ νομοθετικὸν δικαστήριον, ἵνα ὑπάρχῃ
ἀσφάλεια τᾷ πόλει καὶ τᾷ χώρᾳ ἐννόμως̣ κα̣τ̣ὰ̣ πάντα τρόπον· ἀναγινώ-
σκεσθαι δὲ τὸ ψάφι̣σμα κατ’ ἑκάσταν ἐκκλη[σί]α̣ν, ἐπεί κε ἀποδειχθῇ
15τὸ στρατάγιον. (vac. ) πρεσβευταί· (vac. ) Εὔιππος Λ̣αονίκω, (vac. ) Ἀνδρέ̣α̣ς Ἡροστράτω,
Νικήρατος Ἀπολλοδώρω, (vac. ) Πολύφρων̣ [Ε]ὐ̣μή̣δω· (vac. ) ἐ[κ]υ̣ρώθ[η] ἐπὶ πρυτάνιος
Ἡρα̣κλείδα τῶ Ζω[ί]λω, μην̣νὸς Ἀμολωίω τρίτᾳ ἀπιόντος, στραταγῶ
ἐπεστακόντος τᾷ ἐκ̣[κ]λ̣ησίᾳ (vac. ) Ἀνδρέα τῶ Ἡροστράτω. (vac. )
(vac. )
[ - - - ] the expense that will be sustained for the stelai and the ambassadors, it shall be requested that the treasurer Euippos pays it in advance, taking as guarantee the fund consisting of the first revenues for the protection of the city after the prytany of Herakleidas; the keepers of the register of debts shall write down that the city is indebted to him at an interest rate of one sixth, and the treasurer who will be appointed to the administration shall pay back to him both the original sum and the interest from the above-mentioned fund; the men who will be appointed to the task shall provide for the inscription and the dedication to the gods; this decree shall be valid for the protection and safety of the city and its territory forever; the man who has been appointed “introducer of the law”, E[...]os, shall bring it before the tribunal of the nomothetai, so that the city and its territory shall enjoy security in conformity with the law in every respect; the decree shall be read in every assembly, whenever the college of the strategoi is appointed.
Ambassadors: Euippos, son of Laonikos, Andreas, son of Herostratos, Nikeratos, son of Apollodoros, Polyphron, son of [Eu]medes.
Ratified under the prytany of Herakleidas, son of Zoilos, on the third-to-last day of the month of Amoloios, while the strategos Andreas, son of Herostratos, presided over the assembly. Commentary:
The inscription contains the final dispositions of a decree of the city of Kyme; instructions for the publishing of the decree are given, along with details about an advance of funds to be requested of the treasurer Euippos in order to front the expenses for the publishing itself.
The text exists in two copies, with minimal differences in ll. 7-8 and 15-18. One copy, first published in 1888 (Baltazzi 1888, 362-364), was last edited in full as I.Kyme 12; and contains only the final section of the decree (details about this inscription can be found here [→ scheda A]); the second one was found in the theater excavations in 1989 (Manganaro 1993, 41). From this point onwards, the first copy will be referred to as the I.Kyme copy, while the second one will be referred to as the theater copy. Line numbers in the commentary always refer to the theater copy, unless otherwise specified.
The theater copy has been recognized by Hamon (2008) as making up the lower half of a plaque whose upper half was also found in the theater excavations in 2002 and later published by Manganaro (2004). A shorter section ( h: 0.10-0.40 m ) is missing in between the two fragments (Hamon 2008, 90). The first half of the decree (not reproduced here; for the full text and translation, see Hamon 2008, 94-96) defines the obligations of the city's strategoi. The text can be dated on paleographic grounds to the second quarter of the third century BC (Hamon 2008, 98-101): the scribe may be the same of the great inscription with a request of shields from the city of Kyme to Philetairos, also published by Manganaro (2000). This helps clarify the context and importance of the decree (stressed in ll. 9-15 of the current text), as well as its connection with the στρατάγιον (l. 15), but does not account for the sending of ambassadors, since the dispositions seem to affect exclusively the city of Kyme ( Hamon 2008, 97-98, suggests that a copy was meant to be deposited in a sanctuary). It should be noted that the treasurer Euippos, of whom the advance of funds is requested, is also the proponent of the decree.
The main economic interest of this text lies in the procedure by which the treasurer is asked to front the expenses for the publishing of the decree and the sending of ambassadors (ll. 1-8). The city requires Euippos to pay for them in advance; the loan will be guaranteed by a specific fund in the city's budget, as well as written down by public officials, and paid back at an interest rate of 16.67%.
Euippos' advance of funds is defined by the verb προεισφέρειν, but the description of the procedure sets it apart from other known examples of προεισφορά. On a textual level, note that προεισενέγκαι (l. 3) is to be taken with τὸ δὲ ἀν̣[άλωμα] as the direct object and εἴς τε τ[αὶς στάλλαις καὶ] τοὶς πρεσβευτα[ὶς] as a final adjunct: for the reading and construction in ll. 1-2 of the I.Kyme copy, see the remarks by Jeanne and Louis Robert (BE 1973 370; 1974 468), which refute the proposal by Etienne (1973, 240-242) to read τοῖς πρεσβευτα[ῖσι]. The use of προεισφέρειν connects the inscription from Kyme with the examples of προεισφορά discussed by Helly (1971; cited texts range from the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD). Helly's analysis shows that the contributions defined by προεισφέρειν/προεισφορά are made by private citizens to help a city cope with a difficult financial situation, and take the shape of a reimbursable advance of funds that is normally interest-free (ἄτοκον) and does not need formal guarantees (Helly 1971, 21-23). In regard to the last two points (the presence of a formal guarantee for the loan and the interest rate), Euippos' προεισφορά represents an exception to Helly's model (thus also Etienne 1973, 243).
Euippos' loan is guaranteed both by written registration of the debt (ll. 5-6; Migeotte, Emprunt, 383-384 n. 129, argues that it is unusual for a contract to be written in the case of loans ordered by decree) and by the stipulation that it will be paid back with the revenues of the fund «for the protection of the city» (ll. 3-4, 7-8). As Jeanne and Louis Robert have argued (BE 1973 370; 1974 468), the expression in l. 3 of the I.Kyme copy is to be understood as ἐπὶ πόρῳ τοῖς πρώτοις πορισθησομένοισι: the second dative is an apposition that defines the fund to be used as guarantee. An alternative reading, taking πόρω as a genitive (Aeolic), was suggested by Etienne (1973, 242-243 n. 10), but requires the reader to understand πόρος as meaning “budget”, which is both unusual (see again Robert, BE 1974 468) and in contrast with the use of πόρος in l. 7, where it clearly refers to “the (above-mentioned) fund”. It is common for a city to give some part of its revenues as a guarantee for a loan; examples of this practice can be found in Migeotte (Emprunt, e.g. nos. 55, 79-a), but perhaps the most important parallel, due to its chronological proximity, is the request of shields from the city of Kyme to Philetairos (Manganaro 2000, 404-405, l. 9). In the case of Euippos' προεισφορά, Jeanne and Louis Robert (BE 1973 370) suggested that the choice of the fund εἰς τὰμ φυλακὰν τᾶς πόλιος (l. 4) for the reimbursement was connected to the decree's content; this hypothesis has been confirmed by the restitution of the initial section, since the text does indeed deal with the strategoi's obligations regarding the defense of the city (see Hamon 2008, 69-81, for details).
The second peculiar trait of Euippos' προεισφορά is the stipulation of an interest rate of 1/6 (l. 6). The presence of a τόκος is atypical for προεισφοραί (see again Helly 1971, 21); moreover, a rate of 16.67% is unusually high in general, since the interest rates for public loans in the 3rd century normally remained between 8% and 12% (Billeter 1898, 65-70). This has been interpreted as a sign of great need on the city's part (Etienne 1973, 244), but could also be due to a lack of citizens willing to pay for the decree's expenses without interest, which led to the need to impose the advance on the treasurer Euippos (Migeotte, Emprunt, 270). Anyway, an interest rate of 1/6 is not entirely unparalleled in the first half of the 3rd century: an inscription from Sigeion (Migeotte, Emprunt 78, l. 4) attests that an unknown benefactor had loaned a sum of 200 Phocaean staters to the city at the same rate (about this text, see Gatti 1967; according to the author, it is highly improbable that the loan was made by a citizen of Sigeion).
In conclusion, it should be noted that, while the text does not provide enough information to understand the reasons for the presence of a written guarantee of Euippos' loan nor for the stipulation of so high an interest rate, both these traits set the inscription from Kyme apart from the examples of προεισφοραί collected by Helly (1971). The restitution of the initial section of the decree by Hamon (2008) helps clarify its historical and political context, but gives no substantial new evidence as far as economic aspects are concerned.
Baltazzi, D. (1888), 'Inscriptions de l'Éolide', BCH 12, 358-376
Billeter, G. (1898), Geschichte des Zinsfusses im Griechisch-römischen Altertum bis auf Justinian, Leipzig
Etienne, R. (1973), 'Sur une proeisphora à Kymé d'Eolide', ZPE 12, 239-246
Gatti, C. (1967), 'Aspetti della εὐεργεσία nel mondo ellenistico (a proposito di prestiti di privati a città)', PP 94, 192-213
Hamon, P. (2008), ‘Kymè d’Éolide, cité libre et démocratique, et le pouvoir des stratèges’, Chiron 38, 63-106
Helly, B. (1971), 'ΠΡΟΕΙΣΦΕΡΕΙΝ: Une inscription de Kiérion en Thessalie', RA 1, 15-28
Manganaro, G. (1993), 'Nuove iscrizioni di Kyme eolica', in Studi su Kyme Eolica. Atti della giornata di studio della scuola di specializzazione in archeologia dell'università di Catania (Catania, 16 maggio 1990), Catania, 35-47
Manganaro, G. (2000), 'Kyme e il dinasta Philetairos', Chiron 30, 403-413
Manganaro, G. (2004), 'Doveri dello stratego nella Kyme eolica, a regime democratico, nel III sec. a.C.', EA 37, 63-68 Author: Martina Astrid Rodda Last update: March 2017 DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI036B
Author: Martina Astrid Rodda
Last Update: March 2017
DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI036B
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Magnetto</author>, 20 <title>Corpus delle iscrizioni economiche greche</title> in c.s.</bibl>; 21 this version born digital</ab> 22 <ab> 23 <msDesc> 24 <msIdentifier/> 25 26 <physDesc> 27 <objectDesc> 28 <supportDesc> 29 <support> 30 <p> 31 Slab of <material>dark Phocaean marble</material>; bottom half of a <objectType>plaque</objectType> (top half partially preserved), fragmentary (dimensions are <dimensions><height unit="metre" quantity="0.50"> 0.50</height> <width unit="metre" quantity="0.42"> 0.42</width> <depth unit="metre" quantity="0.017"> 0.017</depth></dimensions>; for the top half, see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon 2008</ref>, 90</bibl>) 32 </p> 33 </support> 34 </supportDesc> 35 <layoutDesc> 36 <layout>Single column, left to right, not stoichedon.</layout> 37 </layoutDesc> 38 </objectDesc> 39 <handDesc> 40 <handNote><height unit="metre" atLeast="0.008" atMost="0.01"> 0.008-0.01</height>. Features of Aeolic dialect (“impure” ᾱ retained; psilosis (<foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπεστακόντος</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">κατ’ ἑκάσταν</foreign>, otherwise unmarked); -λλ- < -λν-, -ισ- < -νσ- (<foreign xml:lang="grc">ὀφέλλοισα</foreign>); 1st decl. gen. pl. -ᾶν, acc. pl. -αις; 2nd decl. gen. sing. -ω, dat. pl. -οισι, acc. pl. -οις; ι-stem gen. sing. -ιος; athematic inf. -μεναι; perf. act. pple. -ων, -οντος; <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἔσσομαι</foreign> for <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἔσομαι</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">παρακαλέσσαι</foreign> for <foreign xml:lang="grc">παρακαλέσαι</foreign>; <foreign xml:lang="grc">μηννός</foreign> for <foreign xml:lang="grc">μηνός</foreign>). Barytonesis and psilosis are not marked in the text below.</handNote> 41 </handDesc> 42 </physDesc> 43 44 <history> 45 <origin> 46 <ab><origPlace><placeName>Kyme</placeName></origPlace></ab> 47 <ab><origDate notBefore="-0275" notAfter="-0250" precision="low" evidence="lettering">Second quarter of the third century BC (Hamon 2008)</origDate></ab> 48 </origin> 49 <provenance> 50 <listEvent> 51 <event type="found"> 52 <p>Ancient <placeName>Kyme</placeName>, theater excavations, 1989</p> 53 </event> 54 <event type="observed"> 55 <p>İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi (Izmir Archaeology Museum)</p> 56 </event> 57 </listEvent> 58 </provenance> 59 </history> 60 61 </msDesc> 62 </ab> 63 </sourceDesc> 64 </fileDesc> 65 66 <encodingDesc> 67 <p>Marked-up according to the EpiDoc Guidelines and Schema, version 8</p> 68 <projectDesc> 69 <p>Sample for a Corpus of Greek Economical Inscriptions</p> 70 </projectDesc> 71 </encodingDesc> 72 <profileDesc> 73 <langUsage> 74 <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek</language> 75 <language ident="la">Latin</language> 76 <language ident="grc-Latn">Transliterated Greek</language> 77 <language ident="en">English</language> 78 <language ident="it">Italian</language> 79 <language ident="fr">French</language> 80 <language ident="de">German</language> 81 </langUsage> 82 <textClass> 83 84 <keywords scheme="subject"> 85 <term>advance of funds</term> 86 <term>proeisphora</term> 87 <term>city funds</term> 88 <term>public administration</term> 89 <term>treasurer</term> 90 <term>strategos</term> 91 <term>college of strategoi</term> 92 <term>interest rate</term> 93 <term>defense of the city</term> 94 <term>ambassadors</term> 95 <term>erection of stelai</term> 96 <term>nomothetai</term> 97 </keywords> 98 <keywords scheme="type"> 99 <term>decree</term> 100 </keywords> 101 <keywords scheme="context"> 102 <term>theater</term> 103 </keywords> 104 105 </textClass> 106 </profileDesc> 107 </teiHeader> 108 <text> 109 <body> 110 111 <div type="bibliography" subtype="referenceEdition"> 112 <head>Reference edition</head> 113 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon 2008</ref>, 94-95 (sect. B)</bibl> 114 </div> 115 116 <div type="bibliography" subtype="editions"> 117 <head>Other editions</head> 118 <bibl>ed. pr. <ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2114">Manganaro 1993</ref>, 41-47</bibl> 119 </div> 120 121 <div type="bibliography" subtype="illustrations"> 122 <head>Photographs</head> 123 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2114">Manganaro 1993</ref>;</bibl> 124 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon 2008</ref></bibl> 125 </div> 126 127 <div type="bibliography" subtype="translations"> 128 <head>Translations</head> 129 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon 2008 (in French)</ref></bibl> 130 </div> 131 132 <div type="bibliography" subtype="other"> 133 <head>Bibliography</head> 134 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2113">Plassart, Picard 1913</ref>, 169-175</bibl> 135 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1999">P. Roussel, <title level="j">BE</title></ref> 1914 464;</bibl> 136 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1999">J. and L. Robert, <title level="j">BE</title></ref> 1973 370;</bibl> 137 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1999">J. and L. Robert, <title level="j">BE</title></ref> 1974 468</bibl> 138 </div> 139 140 141 <div type="edition" xml:lang="grc" xml:space="preserve"> 142 <div n="Fragment B" subtype="fragment" type="textpart"> 143 <ab> 144 <lb n="0"/><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="line"/> 145 <lb n="1"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="50" unit="character" precision="low"/>· <w lemma="ὁ"><supplied reason="undefined" evidence="parallel">τὸ</supplied></w> 146 <lb n="2"/><w lemma="δέ"><supplied reason="undefined" evidence="parallel">δὲ</supplied></w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀνάλωμα"><supplied reason="undefined" evidence="parallel">ἀν</supplied><supplied reason="lost">άλωμα</supplied></w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ"><supplied reason="lost">τὸ</supplied></w> <w lemma="εἰμί"><supplied reason="undefined" evidence="parallel">ἐσσόμενον</supplied></w> <w lemma="εἰς"><supplied reason="undefined" evidence="parallel">εἴς</supplied></w> <w lemma="τε"><supplied reason="undefined" evidence="parallel">τε</supplied></w> <w 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reason="lost">εἰς τοὶς πρεσβευ|ταὶς</supplied></foreign> Manganaro. 173 l. 8: <foreign xml:lang="grc">θ<supplied reason="lost">εοῖσι</supplied></foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc">θ<supplied reason="lost">εοῖς</supplied></foreign> Manganaro. 174 ll. 11-12: <foreign xml:lang="grc"><supplied reason="lost">Ε</supplied><gap reason="lost" quantity="3" unit="character"/>|<supplied reason="lost">ρον</supplied></foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ἐ<supplied reason="lost">ρ</supplied>ύβω<supplied reason="lost">θ</supplied>ον <supplied reason="lost">τοῦ δεῖνα</supplied>|<gap reason="lost" quantity="2" unit="character"/></foreign> Manganaro. 175 l. 15: <foreign xml:lang="grc"><supplied reason="lost">Ἀνδρ</supplied><unclear>έα</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ς Ἡροστράτω</supplied></foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc"><supplied reason="lost">Ἀνδρ</supplied>έα<supplied reason="lost">ς εἰσή</supplied>νεγ<supplied reason="lost">κεν</supplied></foreign> Manganaro. 176 ll. 16-17: <foreign xml:lang="grc">Πολύφρω<unclear>ν</unclear> <supplied reason="lost">Ε</supplied><unclear>ὐ</unclear>μ<unclear>ή</unclear>δω. <space quantity="1" unit="character"/> ἐ<supplied reason="lost">κ</supplied><unclear>υ</unclear>ρώθ<supplied reason="lost">η ἐπὶ πρυτάνιος | Ἡρ</supplied><unclear>α</unclear>κλείδα</foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc">Πολύφρων <supplied reason="lost">Ε</supplied>ὐμήλω <space quantity="1" unit="character"/>, Ἐ<supplied reason="lost">ρ</supplied>ύβωθ<supplied reason="lost">ος κ</supplied>ατέθ<supplied reason="lost">ηκε· | ἐπὶ Ἡρ</supplied>ακλείδα</foreign> Manganaro. 177 </p> 178 </div> 179 180 <div type="translation" xml:lang="en" xml:space="preserve"> 181 <head>Translation</head> 182 <lb/><p><gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="line"/> the expense that will be sustained for the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">stelai</foreign> and the ambassadors, it shall be requested that the treasurer Euippos pays it in advance, taking as guarantee the fund consisting of the first revenues for the protection of the city after the prytany of Herakleidas; the keepers of the register of debts shall write down that the city is indebted to him at an interest rate of one sixth, and the treasurer who will be appointed to the administration shall pay back to him both the original sum and the interest from the above-mentioned fund; the men who will be appointed to the task shall provide for the inscription and the dedication to the gods; this decree shall be valid for the protection and safety of the city and its territory forever; the man who has been appointed “introducer of the law”, E<gap reason="lost" quantity="3" unit="character"/>os, shall bring it before the tribunal of the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">nomothetai</foreign>, so that the city and its territory shall enjoy security in conformity with the law in every respect; the decree shall be read in every assembly, whenever the college of the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategoi</foreign> is appointed.</p> 183 <lb/><p>Ambassadors: Euippos, son of Laonikos, Andreas, son of Herostratos, Nikeratos, son of Apollodoros, Polyphron, son of <supplied reason="lost">Eu</supplied>medes.</p> 184 <lb/><p>Ratified under the prytany of Herakleidas, son of Zoilos, on the third-to-last day of the month of Amoloios, while the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategos</foreign> Andreas, son of Herostratos, presided over the assembly.</p> 185 </div> 186 187 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en" xml:space="preserve"> 188 <head>Commentary</head> 189 <lb/><p>The inscription contains the final dispositions of a decree of the city of Kyme; instructions for the publishing of the decree are given, along with details about an advance of funds to be requested of the treasurer Euippos in order to front the expenses for the publishing itself.</p> 190 <lb/><p>The text exists in two copies, with minimal differences in ll. 7-8 and 15-18. One copy, first published in 1888 (<bibl>Baltazzi 1888, 362-364</bibl>), was last edited in full as <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2112"><title level="m">I.Kyme</title></ref> 12;</bibl> and contains only the final section of the decree (details about this inscription can be found here [→ scheda A]); the second one was found in the theater excavations in 1989 (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2114">Manganaro 1993</ref>, 41</bibl>). From this point onwards, the first copy will be referred to as the <title level="m">I.Kyme</title> copy, while the second one will be referred to as the theater copy. Line numbers in the commentary always refer to the theater copy, unless otherwise specified.</p> 191 <lb/><p>The theater copy has been recognized by <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon (2008</ref>)</bibl> as making up the lower half of a plaque whose upper half was also found in the theater excavations in 2002 and later published by <bibl>Manganaro (2004)</bibl>. A shorter section (<height unit="metre" atMost="0.40" atLeast="0.10"> 0.10-0.40</height>) is missing in between the two fragments (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon 2008</ref>, 90</bibl>). The first half of the decree (not reproduced here; for the full text and translation, see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon 2008</ref>, 94-96</bibl>) defines the obligations of the city's <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategoi</foreign>. The text can be dated on paleographic grounds to the second quarter of the third century BC (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon 2008</ref>, 98-101</bibl>): the scribe may be the same of the great inscription with a request of shields from the city of Kyme to Philetairos, also published by <bibl>Manganaro (2000)</bibl>. This helps clarify the context and importance of the decree (stressed in ll. 9-15 of the current text), as well as its connection with the <foreign xml:lang="grc">στρατάγιον</foreign> (l. 15), but does not account for the sending of ambassadors, since the dispositions seem to affect exclusively the city of Kyme ( <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon 2008</ref>, 97-98</bibl>, suggests that a copy was meant to be deposited in a sanctuary). It should be noted that the treasurer Euippos, of whom the advance of funds is requested, is also the proponent of the decree.</p> 192 <lb/><p>The main economic interest of this text lies in the procedure by which the treasurer is asked to front the expenses for the publishing of the decree and the sending of ambassadors (ll. 1-8). The city requires Euippos to pay for them in advance; the loan will be guaranteed by a specific fund in the city's budget, as well as written down by public officials, and paid back at an interest rate of 16.67%.</p> 193 <lb/><p>Euippos' advance of funds is defined by the verb <foreign xml:lang="grc">προεισφέρειν</foreign>, but the description of the procedure sets it apart from other known examples of <foreign xml:lang="grc">προεισφορά</foreign>. On a textual level, note that <foreign xml:lang="grc">προεισενέγκαι</foreign> (l. 3) is to be taken with <foreign xml:lang="grc">τὸ δὲ ἀ<unclear>ν</unclear><supplied reason="lost">άλωμα</supplied></foreign> as the direct object and <foreign xml:lang="grc">εἴς τε τ<supplied reason="lost">αὶς στάλλαις καὶ</supplied> τοὶς πρεσβευτα<supplied reason="lost">ὶς</supplied></foreign> as a final adjunct: for the reading and construction in ll. 1-2 of the <title level="m">I.Kyme</title> copy, see the remarks by Jeanne and Louis Robert (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1999"><title level="j">BE</title></ref> 1973 370; 1974 468</bibl>), which refute the proposal by <bibl>Etienne (1973, 240-242)</bibl> to read <foreign xml:lang="grc">τοῖς πρεσβευτα<supplied reason="lost">ῖσι</supplied></foreign>. The use of <foreign xml:lang="grc">προεισφέρειν</foreign> connects the inscription from Kyme with the examples of <foreign xml:lang="grc">προεισφορά</foreign> discussed by <bibl>Helly (1971</bibl>; cited texts range from the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD). Helly's analysis shows that the contributions defined by <foreign xml:lang="grc">προεισφέρειν/προεισφορά</foreign> are made by private citizens to help a city cope with a difficult financial situation, and take the shape of a reimbursable advance of funds that is normally interest-free (<foreign xml:lang="grc">ἄτοκον</foreign>) and does not need formal guarantees (<bibl>Helly 1971, 21-23</bibl>). In regard to the last two points (the presence of a formal guarantee for the loan and the interest rate), Euippos' <foreign xml:lang="grc">προεισφορά</foreign> represents an exception to Helly's model (thus also <bibl>Etienne 1973, 243</bibl>).</p> 194 <lb/><p>Euippos' loan is guaranteed both by written registration of the debt (ll. 5-6; <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2004">Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title></ref>, 383-384 n. 129</bibl>, argues that it is unusual for a contract to be written in the case of loans ordered by decree) and by the stipulation that it will be paid back with the revenues of the fund «for the protection of the city» (ll. 3-4, 7-8). As Jeanne and Louis Robert have argued (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1999"><title level="j">BE</title></ref> 1973 370; 1974 468</bibl>), the expression in l. 3 of the <title level="m">I.Kyme</title> copy is to be understood as <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπὶ πόρῳ τοῖς πρώτοις πορισθησομένοισι</foreign>: the second dative is an apposition that defines the fund to be used as guarantee. An alternative reading, taking <foreign xml:lang="grc">πόρω</foreign> as a genitive (Aeolic), was suggested by <bibl>Etienne (1973, 242-243 n. 10)</bibl>, but requires the reader to understand <foreign xml:lang="grc">πόρος</foreign> as meaning “budget”, which is both unusual (see again Robert, <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1999"><title level="j">BE</title></ref> 1974 468</bibl>) and in contrast with the use of <foreign xml:lang="grc">πόρος</foreign> in l. 7, where it clearly refers to “the (above-mentioned) fund”. It is common for a city to give some part of its revenues as a guarantee for a loan; examples of this practice can be found in <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2004">Migeotte (<title level="m">Emprunt</title></ref>, e.g. nos. 55, 79-a</bibl>), but perhaps the most important parallel, due to its chronological proximity, is the request of shields from the city of Kyme to Philetairos (<bibl>Manganaro 2000, 404-405, l. 9</bibl>). In the case of Euippos' προεισφορά, Jeanne and Louis Robert (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1999"><title level="j">BE</title></ref> 1973 370</bibl>) suggested that the choice of the fund <foreign xml:lang="grc">εἰς τὰμ φυλακὰν τᾶς πόλιος</foreign> (l. 4) for the reimbursement was connected to the decree's content; this hypothesis has been confirmed by the restitution of the initial section, since the text does indeed deal with the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategoi</foreign>'s obligations regarding the defense of the city (see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon 2008</ref>, 69-81</bibl>, for details).</p> 195 <lb/><p>The second peculiar trait of Euippos' <foreign xml:lang="grc">προεισφορά</foreign> is the stipulation of an interest rate of 1/6 (l. 6). The presence of a <foreign xml:lang="grc">τόκος</foreign> is atypical for <foreign xml:lang="grc">προεισφοραί</foreign> (see again <bibl>Helly 1971, 21</bibl>); moreover, a rate of 16.67% is unusually high in general, since the interest rates for public loans in the 3rd century normally remained between 8% and 12% (<bibl>Billeter 1898, 65-70</bibl>). This has been interpreted as a sign of great need on the city's part (<bibl>Etienne 1973, 244</bibl>), but could also be due to a lack of citizens willing to pay for the decree's expenses without interest, which led to the need to impose the advance on the treasurer Euippos (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2004">Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title></ref>, 270</bibl>). Anyway, an interest rate of 1/6 is not entirely unparalleled in the first half of the 3rd century: an inscription from Sigeion (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2004">Migeotte, <title level="m">Emprunt</title></ref> 78, l. 4</bibl>) attests that an unknown benefactor had loaned a sum of 200 Phocaean staters to the city at the same rate (about this text, see <bibl>Gatti 1967</bibl>; according to the author, it is highly improbable that the loan was made by a citizen of Sigeion).</p> 196 <lb/><p>In conclusion, it should be noted that, while the text does not provide enough information to understand the reasons for the presence of a written guarantee of Euippos' loan nor for the stipulation of so high an interest rate, both these traits set the inscription from Kyme apart from the examples of <foreign xml:lang="grc">προεισφοραί</foreign> collected by <bibl>Helly (1971)</bibl>. The restitution of the initial section of the decree by <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2107">Hamon (2008</ref></bibl>) helps clarify its historical and political context, but gives no substantial new evidence as far as economic aspects are concerned.</p> 197 <lb/> 198 <lb/> 199 <lb/><p>Baltazzi, D. (1888), 'Inscriptions de l'Éolide', <title>BCH</title> 12, 358-376</p> 200 <lb/><p>Billeter, G. (1898), <title level="m">Geschichte des Zinsfusses im Griechisch-römischen Altertum bis auf Justinian</title>, Leipzig</p> 201 <lb/><p>Etienne, R. (1973), 'Sur une proeisphora à Kymé d'Eolide', <title>ZPE</title> 12, 239-246</p> 202 <lb/><p>Gatti, C. (1967), 'Aspetti della εὐεργεσία nel mondo ellenistico (a proposito di prestiti di privati a città)', <title>PP</title> 94, 192-213</p> 203 <lb/><p>Hamon, P. (2008), ‘Kymè d’Éolide, cité libre et démocratique, et le pouvoir des stratèges’, <title>Chiron</title> 38, 63-106</p> 204 <lb/><p>Helly, B. (1971), 'ΠΡΟΕΙΣΦΕΡΕΙΝ: Une inscription de Kiérion en Thessalie', <title>RA</title> 1, 15-28</p> 205 <lb/><p>Manganaro, G. (1993), 'Nuove iscrizioni di Kyme eolica', in <title level="m">Studi su Kyme Eolica</title>. Atti della giornata di studio della scuola di specializzazione in archeologia dell'università di Catania (Catania, 16 maggio 1990), Catania, 35-47</p> 206 <lb/><p>Manganaro, G. (2000), 'Kyme e il dinasta Philetairos', <title>Chiron</title> 30, 403-413</p> 207 <lb/><p>Manganaro, G. (2004), 'Doveri dello stratego nella Kyme eolica, a regime democratico, nel III sec. a.C.', <title>EA</title> 37, 63-68</p> 208 209 210 </div> 211 212 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 213 <head>Author</head> 214 <p> Martina Astrid Rodda</p> 215 </div> 216 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 217 <head>Last update</head> 218 <p>March 2017</p> 219 </div> 220 221 222 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 223 <head>DOI</head> 224 <p> 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI036B</p> 225 </div> 226 227 228 </body> 229 </text> 230</TEI>