GEI038
PDF
[ - - - ]
the contractor for the tax ναύσσου ἔξω and for that levied under Archebios shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax of ναῦσσον, on bread, on gardens shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax of the ὀβελία shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on grains shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on wine ἐπὶ θαλάσσαι, on courtesans, on wood, on barley-groats, on house-rent shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on cattle shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well; the contractors for the tax in Calymna on wine from vineyards, on yokes of cattle, on wool shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on vineyard-planters and on female slaves shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on the public lookout-place shall offer sacrifice [and] pitch a tent as well; the contractor for the other lookout-place, the one by Nautileon, shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well; the contractor for the tax of the Muses shall offer sacrifice [under] the same conditions and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractor for the tax of the Aphrodeision shall offer sacrifice under the same conditions and pitch a tent as well; the contractor for the tax of the circle of Earth shall offer sacrifice [and] pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on frankincense-dealers, on pulses, on dried fish shall offer sacrifice [under] the same conditions and pitch a tent; the contractor for the tax on hired labor shall offer sacrifice under the same conditions and pitch a tent as well; the oar-makers shall offer sacrifice [and] pitch a tent, to Poseidon and Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos one worth thirty drachmae; anyone who leases out a lookout-place or has rented a private one shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions, to Poseidon and Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos one worth thirty drachmae as long as the lookout-place subsists; those who deal in fish shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions, to Poseidon and Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae [and] to Rhodos a sheep worth thirty drachmae; the ship-haulers shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions, receiving as those do sixty drachmae from the treasurers; the nauarchos shall offer sacrifice as well, to Poseidon a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos [a sheep] worth thirty drachmae, and a payment shall be made to him by the treasurers, ninety drachmae; each of the trierarchs, they shall offer sacrifice under the same conditions and pitch a tent, and they shall sacrifice to Poseidon a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos a sheep worth thirty drachmae, and these too shall receive ninety drachmae from the treasurers; the καρπολογεῦντες shall offer sacrifice as well, to Poseidon a sheep worth forty drachmae and to Cos a sheep worth forty drachmae and to Rhodos a sheep worth forty drachmae; the crews of the warships shall offer sacrifice as well, to Poseidon and [Cos a sheep] worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos a sheep [worth] thirty drachmae; the [ - - - ] from the [dispatch-boats] shall offer sacrifice as well [ - - - worth thirty] drachmae [ - - - ] Commentary:
The text consists of a long list of sacrificial prescriptions. It is composed of two sections, both heavily formulaic, in which different categories of citizens are instructed to “offer sacrifice and pitch a tent” (on the verb σκανοπαγεῖν, which is only attested in this text and probably refers to the practice of consuming the sacrificial banquet on the spot, see Hallof’s remarks on IG XII 4.1 293, l. 1; Vreeken 1953, 25-28). The first section (ll. 1-16) lists sacrificial obligations for tax contractors (on their role, see Migeotte 2014, 92-102). The recipient and size of the sacrifice (unknown) are referred to by the anaphoric κατὰ ταὐτά, which refers back to face A of the stele (illegible), where the list must have started. The second section (l. 16-end) contains instructions to a variety of people (part officials of the state, part private citizens) about sacrifices for the cult of Poseidon, Cos and Rhodos; details about the size of each sacrifice are given.
The inscription has been ascribed to the end of the 2nd century BC, for paleographic reasons (Crowther 2004, 25-26, lists several texts by the same stonecutter, one of which can be dated).
In the first part of the inscription, a number of problems arise from single entries in the list of tax contractors. This commentary will only deal with the ones that are necessary in order to understand the text; for a detailed, if sometimes outdated, discussion, the reader should refer to Vreeken’s commentary (Vreeken 1953), as well as Hallof’s notes on IG XII 4.1 293. For a discussion of the typologies of tax mentioned in the text, see Migeotte’s remarks (Migeotte 2014, 241-242, 266, 271-272); whenever different taxes are listed together, they were probably contracted to the same individual(s) (ibid., 93). It should be noted that Migeotte understands some of these taxes as examples of direct taxation, contrary to the views of Andreades (1931, 165). Chankowski 2007 provides further references on the typology of taxation in the ancient world.
The meaning of some of the terms denoting taxes is unclear. Ναῦσσον (or ναῦσσος, ll. 1-2) is only attested in a 6th-century text from Cyzicus (Nomima I, no. 32, l. 4), where it also denotes a tax; it has been connected with terms like ναῦλον, ναῦσθλον, and interpreted as a tax on seafaring or commerce by sea (see Hallof ad loc. for references; Vreeken 1953, 28-29, suggested that the tax was to be understood as an ἐλλιμένιον, on which see Chankowski 2007, 313-319). The text mentions two different taxes with this name: an ὠνὰ ναύσσου ἔξω (l. 1; ἔξω is adverbial) and a simple ὠνὰ ναύσσου (l. 2; not to be interpreted as ὠνὰ ναύσσου ἄρτων, as the lack of a comma in the IG text suggests, since this would contradict the inscription’s practice of listing taxes paratactically). The ὠνὰ τᾶς ὀβελίας (l. 3) may be either a capitation of one obol per person or a tax on a kind of bread-loaf (Reinach 1891, 366; the use of the ὀβελίας ἄρτος in the cult of Dionysos is attested by Pollux 6, 75); the first option is more plausible, on account of the presence of the article (Vreeken, De lege quadam sacra Coorum, 34). The ὠνὰ οἴνου ἐπὶ θαλάσσαι (l. 5) could either refer to the commerce of wine by sea (Reinach, REG, 4, 1891, 367; Sokolowski, LSCG, 295) or to the Coan practice of mixing wine with saltwater (Vreeken, De lege quadam sacra Coorum, 36-39). The ὠνὰ ἐνοικίων (ll. 5-6) was a tax on rent, but it is unclear what kind of buildings were rented; the fact that it was contracted along with four other taxes suggests that its revenue was not high (Andreades, Geschichte der griechischen Staatswirtschaft, 164, compares it to the Delian δεκάτη ἐνοικίων). The ὠνὰ κύκλου Γᾶς (l. 14) may refer to a delimited space in the agora, sacred to the Earth (Vreeken, De lege quadam sacra Coorum, 76-79); Chankowski (Les catégories du vocabulaire de la fiscalité, 313) suggests that this might be a tax on land sales, and that it was named after the space in the agora where it was contracted out.
In the second half of the text, the only obscure word is καρπολογεῦντες (l. 29): these were probably state officials, given the context, but their functions are unclear (they may be related to the καρπολόγοι mentioned in IG XII suppl. 349B, l. 9, from Thasos, and Migeotte, Souscriptions, no. 69, l. 37, from Colophon; for further bibliography, see Hallof’s commentary ad loc.).
There are remarkably few textual problems. At the end of l. 1, none of the proposed integrations is entirely satisfying, but Hallof’s ἐπ’ Ἀ[ρχ]|ε̣βίου may be the only plausible one, given the rarity of the legible sequence. In l. 8, it is preferable to accept Bechtel’s (not Dittenberger’s) easy correction οἰνοπέδων, rather than try to explain the inscribed οἰκοπέδων (as Toepffer 1891, 422, and Vreeken 1953, 55-57, choose to do). On the other hand, the ὠνὰ τοῦ λατρικοῦ in l. 16 is better understood as a tax on salaried workers (Vreeken 1953, 68-70), rather than corrected in ἰατρικοῦ (as first suggested by Reinach 1891, 371).
The typology of text to which these sacrificial prescriptions belonged is unclear. While the first editor interpreted it as a list of participants to the cult of Poseidon, Cos and Rhodos (Toepffer 1891, 413), it has been subsequently (von Prott, Ziehen, LGS II 340) connected to the typically Coan genre of διαγραφαί, i.e., texts stating conditions for the auction of priesthoods (the characteristics of these texts are discussed at length by Parker, Obbink 2000; 2001; Wiemer 2003). Διαγραφαί sometimes contained a list of sacrificial prescriptions, which was meant to ensure the cult’s income (in the case of sacrifices performed by private citizens) as well as determine the amount of public funds to be assigned to each cult, by way of sacrifices performed by public officials and later reimbursed by the state (Parker, Obbink 2000, 427-429, with examples). This practice of reimbursement is mentioned in the text under consideration here (ll. 22-23, 25-26, 28-29), in reference to ship-haulers (on the role of the νεωλκοί, see Wiemer 2003, 120), the nauarchos and the trierarchs.
Wiemer (2003, 121-122), however, argued that the text under consideration here is not in fact a διαγραφά, but rather a sacred law regulating the cult of Poseidon, Cos and Rhodos; his argument is based on the unparalleled length and formulaic style of the list of sacrificial prescriptions, as well as on the presence of multiple references to this kind of law in another text, the διαγραφά for the cult of Hermes Enagonios (IG XII 4.1 298; see e.g. ll. 64-68). In the same article, Wiemer also offered a possible explanation for the high lexical variation in the first part of the text (the verbs used in reference to tax contractors are ὠνέομαι, ἀγοράζω, πρίαμαι, μισθόω and ἔχω; this lexical variation cannot be rendered in translation): the inscription must have been a compilation of different 'Pflichtenhefte' that defined the obligations of tax contractors (Wiemer 2003, 120). The hypothesis that the text was a compilation also helps explain the puzzling use of ὁμοίως καὶ οὗτοι in l. 23, in reference to the reimbursement that shall be paid to ship-haulers (ibid.): rather than refer back to the oar-makers, lessors of lookout-places and fish-dealers that are mentioned immediately before, the expression must have been lifted from a context in which other reimbursements were mentioned.
In conclusion, despite the many problems involved in the interpretation of single items in the list of taxes, this text gives us a picture of the economy of the island of Cos at the end of the 2nd century BC, as well as an interesting testimony on the interplay between διαγραφαί and sacred laws.
Andreades, A. (1931), Geschichte der griechischen Staatswirtschaft, Hildesheim
Chandezon, C. (2003), L’Élevage en Grèce, Bordeaux
Chankowski, V. (2007), 'Les catégories du vocabulaire de la fiscalité dans les cités grecques', in J. Andreau, V. Chankowski (eds.), Vocabulaire et expression de l’économie dans le monde antique, Bordeaux 2007, 299-331
Chatzebasileios, B.S. (1981), ‘Τα δημοσιονομικά της Κω από μαρτυρίες επιγραφών (1100 π.Χ. – 160 π.Χ.)’, Τα Κωακά 2, 47-63
Crowther, Ch. (2004), 'The dating of Koan Hellenistic inscriptions', in K. Höghammar (ed.), The Hellenistic Polis of Kos, Uppsala 2004, 21-60
Eich, A. (2006), Die politische Ökonomie des antiken Griechenland, Köln
Francotte, H. (1900), L’industrie dans la Grèce ancienne, Bruxelles
Herzog, R. (1899), Koische Forschungen und Funde, Leipzig
Kontoleon, A. (1891), ‘Επιγραφαί της νήσου Κω’, AM 16, 406-410
Migeotte, L. (2014), Les finances des cités grecques, Paris
Nilsson, M.P. (1961), Geschichte der griechischen Religion II2, München
Parker, R. and D. Obbink (2000), 'Aus der Arbeit der «Inscriptiones Graecae» VI. Sales of priesthoods on Cos I', Chiron 30, 415-449
Parker, R. and D. Obbink (2001), 'Aus der Arbeit der «Inscriptiones Graecae» VI. Sales of priesthoods on Cos II', Chiron 31, 229-252
Reinach, T. (1891), ‘Inscription de l’île de Cos’, REG 4, 357-376
Reinach, T. (1892a), ‘L’impot sur les courtisanes à Cos’, REG 5, 100-102
Reinach, T. (1892b), ‘Encore un mot sur l’inscription de Cos’, REG 5, 253
Rostovtzeff, M. (1941), The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World, Oxford
Sherwin-White, S. (1978), Ancient Cos, Göttingen
Toepffer, J. (1891), ‘Koisches Sakralgesetz’, AM 16, 411-432
Toepffer, J. (1892), ‘Nouvelles remarques sur l’inscription de Cos’, BCH 16, 162-165
Vreeken, W.A.L. (1953), De lege quadam sacra Coorum, Groningen
Wiemer, H.U. (2003), 'Käufliche Priestertümer im hellenistischen Kos', Chiron 33, 263-310 Author: Martina Astrid Rodda Last update: March 2017 DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI038
Cos. Sacrificial prescriptions for tax contractors and public officials
Face B
Translation: [θ]υέτω δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθωι καὶ ὁ τὰν ὠνὰν ἐωνημένος ναύσσου ἔξω καὶ τὰν ἐπ’ Ἀ[ρχ-]
ε̣βίου κατὰ ταὐτά· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ τοὶ ἐωνημένοι ὠνὰν ναύσσου, ἄρτων, κάπων κατὰ τα[ὐ-]
τά· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ ἀγοράξαντες τὰν ὠνὰν τᾶς ὀβελίας κατὰ ταὐτά·
[θ]υόντωι δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ πριάμενοι τὰν ὠνὰν σίτου κατὰ ταὐτά· θυό<ν>τω δὲ
5[κ]αὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ πριάμενοι ὠνὰν οἴνου ἐπὶ θαλάσσαι, ἑταιρᾶν, ξύλων, ἀλφίτων, ἐ-
ν̣οικίων κατὰ ταὐτά· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ ἀγοράξαντες τὰν ὠνὰν τετραπό-
δ̣ων· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ ἀγοράζοντες τὰν ὠνὰν ἐν Καλύμναι οἴνου
[ἐ]ξ οἰνοπέδων, ζευγέων, ἐρίων κατὰ ταὐτά· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ ἀγορά-
[ξ]αντες ὠνὰν ἀμπελοστατεύντων καὶ τῶν γυναικείων σωμάτων κατὰ ταὐτά· θυόντωι [δὲ]
10[καὶ] σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ ἀγοράξαντες τὰν ὠνὰν σκοπᾶς δαμοσίας· θυέτω δὲ κ[αὶ σκα-]
[νο]παγείσθωι καὶ ὁ τὰν ἄλλ<α>ν μισθωσάμενος σκοπὰν τὰν ἐπὶ Ναυτιλέωι· θυέτω δὲ̣ [κατὰ]
[τα]ὐτά καὶ σκανοπαγείσθωι καὶ ὁ πριάμενος τὰν ὠνὰν τᾶν Μουσᾶν κατὰ ταὐτά· θ[υέτωι δὲ]
[κ]ατὰ ταὐτά καὶ σκανοπαγείσθωι καὶ ὁ πριάμενος τὰν ὠνὰν τοῦ Ἀφροδεισίου· θυέτ[ωι δὲ]
καὶ σκανοπαγείσθωι καὶ ὁ πριάμενος τὰν ὠνὰν κύκλου Γᾶς κατὰ ταὐτά· θυόντωι δὲ [κατὰ]
15[ταὐ]τά καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων τοὶ ἔχοντες τὰν ὠνὰν λιβανοπωλᾶν, ὀσπρίων, ταρείχου· [θυέ-]
[τ]ω̣ι δὲ κατὰ ταὐτὰ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθωι καὶ ὁ ἔχων τὰν ὠνὰν τοῦ λατρικοῦ· θυόντωι δὲ
[καὶ] σκανοπαγείσθων τοὶ κωποξύσται τῶι Ποτειδᾶνι καὶ Κῷ οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριά-
[κον]τα καὶ Ῥόδωι ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα· θυόντωι δὲ κα<τὰ> ταὐτὰ καὶ ὅσσοι κα σκοπᾶς μίσθω-
[σιν] ποιήσωνται ἢ ἔχωντι ἰδιωτικὰν μεμισθωμένοι Ποτειδᾶνι καὶ Κῷ οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τρι[ά-]
20[κον]τα καὶ Ῥόδωι ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα ἐς ὅ κα ἦι συνεστηκυῖα ἁ σκοπά· θυόντωι δὲ κα-
[τὰ τ]αὐτὰ καὶ τοὶ μετάβολοι τοὶ ἐν τοῖς ἰχθύσιν Ποτειδᾶνι καὶ Κῷ οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκον[τα]
[καὶ] Ῥόδωι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα· θυόντωι δὲ κατὰ ταὐτὰ καὶ τοὶ νεωλκοί, λαμβάνο[ν-]
[τε]ς ὁμοίως καὶ οὗτοι παρὰ τῶν ταμιᾶν δραχμὰς ἑξήκοντα· θυέτωι δὲ καὶ ὁ ναύαρχος τ[ῶι]
[Πο]τειδᾶνι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα καὶ Κῶι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα καὶ Ῥόδωι (vac. )
25[οἶν] ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα, διαγραφέσθωι δὲ αὐτῶι παρὰ τῶν ταμιᾶν δραχμὰς ἐνενή-
[κο]ντα· θυόντωι δὲ κατὰ ταὐτὰ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων ἕκαστος τῶν τριηράρχων, θυόν-
[τ]ω̣ι δὲ τῶι Ποτειδᾶνι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα καὶ Κῶι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντ[α]
[κα]ὶ Ῥόδωι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα, λαμβανόντωι δὲ καὶ τοῦτοι παρὰ τῶν ταμι[ᾶν]
[δρ]αχμὰς ἐνενήκοντα· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ τοὶ καρπολογεῦντες τῶι Ποτειδᾶνι οἶν ἀ[πὸ]
30[δρ]αχμᾶν τεσσαράκοντα καὶ Κῶι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τεσσαράκοντα καὶ Ῥόδωι οἶν ἀπ[ὸ]
[δρ]α̣χμᾶν τεσσαράκοντα· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ τοὶ ὑπηρέται τᾶν μακρᾶν ναῶν Ποτειδᾶνι καὶ [Κῶι]
[οἶν ἀ]πὸ δραχμᾶν τρι[άκοντα κ]αὶ Ῥόδωι οἶ[ν] ἀπὸ [δ]ρα[χ]μᾶν τρ[ιάκ]οντα· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ το[ὶ]
[. c. 4.]ΟΙ ἐκ τῶν ὑπηρε[τικῶν πλοίων - - - ].[ - - - ἀπὸ] δραχμᾶν τ[ριά-]
[κοντα - - - ]
[ - - - ]
ε̣βίου κατὰ ταὐτά· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ τοὶ ἐωνημένοι ὠνὰν ναύσσου, ἄρτων, κάπων κατὰ τα[ὐ-]
τά· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ ἀγοράξαντες τὰν ὠνὰν τᾶς ὀβελίας κατὰ ταὐτά·
[θ]υόντωι δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ πριάμενοι τὰν ὠνὰν σίτου κατὰ ταὐτά· θυό<ν>τω δὲ
5[κ]αὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ πριάμενοι ὠνὰν οἴνου ἐπὶ θαλάσσαι, ἑταιρᾶν, ξύλων, ἀλφίτων, ἐ-
ν̣οικίων κατὰ ταὐτά· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ ἀγοράξαντες τὰν ὠνὰν τετραπό-
δ̣ων· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ ἀγοράζοντες τὰν ὠνὰν ἐν Καλύμναι οἴνου
[ἐ]ξ οἰνοπέδων, ζευγέων, ἐρίων κατὰ ταὐτά· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ ἀγορά-
[ξ]αντες ὠνὰν ἀμπελοστατεύντων καὶ τῶν γυναικείων σωμάτων κατὰ ταὐτά· θυόντωι [δὲ]
10[καὶ] σκανοπαγείσθων καὶ τοὶ ἀγοράξαντες τὰν ὠνὰν σκοπᾶς δαμοσίας· θυέτω δὲ κ[αὶ σκα-]
[νο]παγείσθωι καὶ ὁ τὰν ἄλλ<α>ν μισθωσάμενος σκοπὰν τὰν ἐπὶ Ναυτιλέωι· θυέτω δὲ̣ [κατὰ]
[τα]ὐτά καὶ σκανοπαγείσθωι καὶ ὁ πριάμενος τὰν ὠνὰν τᾶν Μουσᾶν κατὰ ταὐτά· θ[υέτωι δὲ]
[κ]ατὰ ταὐτά καὶ σκανοπαγείσθωι καὶ ὁ πριάμενος τὰν ὠνὰν τοῦ Ἀφροδεισίου· θυέτ[ωι δὲ]
καὶ σκανοπαγείσθωι καὶ ὁ πριάμενος τὰν ὠνὰν κύκλου Γᾶς κατὰ ταὐτά· θυόντωι δὲ [κατὰ]
15[ταὐ]τά καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων τοὶ ἔχοντες τὰν ὠνὰν λιβανοπωλᾶν, ὀσπρίων, ταρείχου· [θυέ-]
[τ]ω̣ι δὲ κατὰ ταὐτὰ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθωι καὶ ὁ ἔχων τὰν ὠνὰν τοῦ λατρικοῦ· θυόντωι δὲ
[καὶ] σκανοπαγείσθων τοὶ κωποξύσται τῶι Ποτειδᾶνι καὶ Κῷ οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριά-
[κον]τα καὶ Ῥόδωι ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα· θυόντωι δὲ κα<τὰ> ταὐτὰ καὶ ὅσσοι κα σκοπᾶς μίσθω-
[σιν] ποιήσωνται ἢ ἔχωντι ἰδιωτικὰν μεμισθωμένοι Ποτειδᾶνι καὶ Κῷ οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τρι[ά-]
20[κον]τα καὶ Ῥόδωι ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα ἐς ὅ κα ἦι συνεστηκυῖα ἁ σκοπά· θυόντωι δὲ κα-
[τὰ τ]αὐτὰ καὶ τοὶ μετάβολοι τοὶ ἐν τοῖς ἰχθύσιν Ποτειδᾶνι καὶ Κῷ οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκον[τα]
[καὶ] Ῥόδωι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα· θυόντωι δὲ κατὰ ταὐτὰ καὶ τοὶ νεωλκοί, λαμβάνο[ν-]
[τε]ς ὁμοίως καὶ οὗτοι παρὰ τῶν ταμιᾶν δραχμὰς ἑξήκοντα· θυέτωι δὲ καὶ ὁ ναύαρχος τ[ῶι]
[Πο]τειδᾶνι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα καὶ Κῶι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα καὶ Ῥόδωι (vac. )
25[οἶν] ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα, διαγραφέσθωι δὲ αὐτῶι παρὰ τῶν ταμιᾶν δραχμὰς ἐνενή-
[κο]ντα· θυόντωι δὲ κατὰ ταὐτὰ καὶ σκανοπαγείσθων ἕκαστος τῶν τριηράρχων, θυόν-
[τ]ω̣ι δὲ τῶι Ποτειδᾶνι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα καὶ Κῶι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντ[α]
[κα]ὶ Ῥόδωι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τριάκοντα, λαμβανόντωι δὲ καὶ τοῦτοι παρὰ τῶν ταμι[ᾶν]
[δρ]αχμὰς ἐνενήκοντα· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ τοὶ καρπολογεῦντες τῶι Ποτειδᾶνι οἶν ἀ[πὸ]
30[δρ]αχμᾶν τεσσαράκοντα καὶ Κῶι οἶν ἀπὸ δραχμᾶν τεσσαράκοντα καὶ Ῥόδωι οἶν ἀπ[ὸ]
[δρ]α̣χμᾶν τεσσαράκοντα· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ τοὶ ὑπηρέται τᾶν μακρᾶν ναῶν Ποτειδᾶνι καὶ [Κῶι]
[οἶν ἀ]πὸ δραχμᾶν τρι[άκοντα κ]αὶ Ῥόδωι οἶ[ν] ἀπὸ [δ]ρα[χ]μᾶν τρ[ιάκ]οντα· θυόντωι δὲ καὶ το[ὶ]
[. c. 4.]ΟΙ ἐκ τῶν ὑπηρε[τικῶν πλοίων - - - ].[ - - - ἀπὸ] δραχμᾶν τ[ριά-]
[κοντα - - - ]
[ - - - ]
[ - - - ]
the contractor for the tax ναύσσου ἔξω and for that levied under Archebios shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax of ναῦσσον, on bread, on gardens shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax of the ὀβελία shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on grains shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on wine ἐπὶ θαλάσσαι, on courtesans, on wood, on barley-groats, on house-rent shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on cattle shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well; the contractors for the tax in Calymna on wine from vineyards, on yokes of cattle, on wool shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on vineyard-planters and on female slaves shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on the public lookout-place shall offer sacrifice [and] pitch a tent as well; the contractor for the other lookout-place, the one by Nautileon, shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well; the contractor for the tax of the Muses shall offer sacrifice [under] the same conditions and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractor for the tax of the Aphrodeision shall offer sacrifice under the same conditions and pitch a tent as well; the contractor for the tax of the circle of Earth shall offer sacrifice [and] pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on frankincense-dealers, on pulses, on dried fish shall offer sacrifice [under] the same conditions and pitch a tent; the contractor for the tax on hired labor shall offer sacrifice under the same conditions and pitch a tent as well; the oar-makers shall offer sacrifice [and] pitch a tent, to Poseidon and Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos one worth thirty drachmae; anyone who leases out a lookout-place or has rented a private one shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions, to Poseidon and Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos one worth thirty drachmae as long as the lookout-place subsists; those who deal in fish shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions, to Poseidon and Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae [and] to Rhodos a sheep worth thirty drachmae; the ship-haulers shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions, receiving as those do sixty drachmae from the treasurers; the nauarchos shall offer sacrifice as well, to Poseidon a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos [a sheep] worth thirty drachmae, and a payment shall be made to him by the treasurers, ninety drachmae; each of the trierarchs, they shall offer sacrifice under the same conditions and pitch a tent, and they shall sacrifice to Poseidon a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos a sheep worth thirty drachmae, and these too shall receive ninety drachmae from the treasurers; the καρπολογεῦντες shall offer sacrifice as well, to Poseidon a sheep worth forty drachmae and to Cos a sheep worth forty drachmae and to Rhodos a sheep worth forty drachmae; the crews of the warships shall offer sacrifice as well, to Poseidon and [Cos a sheep] worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos a sheep [worth] thirty drachmae; the [ - - - ] from the [dispatch-boats] shall offer sacrifice as well [ - - - worth thirty] drachmae [ - - - ] Commentary:
The text consists of a long list of sacrificial prescriptions. It is composed of two sections, both heavily formulaic, in which different categories of citizens are instructed to “offer sacrifice and pitch a tent” (on the verb σκανοπαγεῖν, which is only attested in this text and probably refers to the practice of consuming the sacrificial banquet on the spot, see Hallof’s remarks on IG XII 4.1 293, l. 1; Vreeken 1953, 25-28). The first section (ll. 1-16) lists sacrificial obligations for tax contractors (on their role, see Migeotte 2014, 92-102). The recipient and size of the sacrifice (unknown) are referred to by the anaphoric κατὰ ταὐτά, which refers back to face A of the stele (illegible), where the list must have started. The second section (l. 16-end) contains instructions to a variety of people (part officials of the state, part private citizens) about sacrifices for the cult of Poseidon, Cos and Rhodos; details about the size of each sacrifice are given.
The inscription has been ascribed to the end of the 2nd century BC, for paleographic reasons (Crowther 2004, 25-26, lists several texts by the same stonecutter, one of which can be dated).
In the first part of the inscription, a number of problems arise from single entries in the list of tax contractors. This commentary will only deal with the ones that are necessary in order to understand the text; for a detailed, if sometimes outdated, discussion, the reader should refer to Vreeken’s commentary (Vreeken 1953), as well as Hallof’s notes on IG XII 4.1 293. For a discussion of the typologies of tax mentioned in the text, see Migeotte’s remarks (Migeotte 2014, 241-242, 266, 271-272); whenever different taxes are listed together, they were probably contracted to the same individual(s) (ibid., 93). It should be noted that Migeotte understands some of these taxes as examples of direct taxation, contrary to the views of Andreades (1931, 165). Chankowski 2007 provides further references on the typology of taxation in the ancient world.
The meaning of some of the terms denoting taxes is unclear. Ναῦσσον (or ναῦσσος, ll. 1-2) is only attested in a 6th-century text from Cyzicus (Nomima I, no. 32, l. 4), where it also denotes a tax; it has been connected with terms like ναῦλον, ναῦσθλον, and interpreted as a tax on seafaring or commerce by sea (see Hallof ad loc. for references; Vreeken 1953, 28-29, suggested that the tax was to be understood as an ἐλλιμένιον, on which see Chankowski 2007, 313-319). The text mentions two different taxes with this name: an ὠνὰ ναύσσου ἔξω (l. 1; ἔξω is adverbial) and a simple ὠνὰ ναύσσου (l. 2; not to be interpreted as ὠνὰ ναύσσου ἄρτων, as the lack of a comma in the IG text suggests, since this would contradict the inscription’s practice of listing taxes paratactically). The ὠνὰ τᾶς ὀβελίας (l. 3) may be either a capitation of one obol per person or a tax on a kind of bread-loaf (Reinach 1891, 366; the use of the ὀβελίας ἄρτος in the cult of Dionysos is attested by Pollux 6, 75); the first option is more plausible, on account of the presence of the article (Vreeken, De lege quadam sacra Coorum, 34). The ὠνὰ οἴνου ἐπὶ θαλάσσαι (l. 5) could either refer to the commerce of wine by sea (Reinach, REG, 4, 1891, 367; Sokolowski, LSCG, 295) or to the Coan practice of mixing wine with saltwater (Vreeken, De lege quadam sacra Coorum, 36-39). The ὠνὰ ἐνοικίων (ll. 5-6) was a tax on rent, but it is unclear what kind of buildings were rented; the fact that it was contracted along with four other taxes suggests that its revenue was not high (Andreades, Geschichte der griechischen Staatswirtschaft, 164, compares it to the Delian δεκάτη ἐνοικίων). The ὠνὰ κύκλου Γᾶς (l. 14) may refer to a delimited space in the agora, sacred to the Earth (Vreeken, De lege quadam sacra Coorum, 76-79); Chankowski (Les catégories du vocabulaire de la fiscalité, 313) suggests that this might be a tax on land sales, and that it was named after the space in the agora where it was contracted out.
In the second half of the text, the only obscure word is καρπολογεῦντες (l. 29): these were probably state officials, given the context, but their functions are unclear (they may be related to the καρπολόγοι mentioned in IG XII suppl. 349B, l. 9, from Thasos, and Migeotte, Souscriptions, no. 69, l. 37, from Colophon; for further bibliography, see Hallof’s commentary ad loc.).
There are remarkably few textual problems. At the end of l. 1, none of the proposed integrations is entirely satisfying, but Hallof’s ἐπ’ Ἀ[ρχ]|ε̣βίου may be the only plausible one, given the rarity of the legible sequence. In l. 8, it is preferable to accept Bechtel’s (not Dittenberger’s) easy correction οἰνοπέδων, rather than try to explain the inscribed οἰκοπέδων (as Toepffer 1891, 422, and Vreeken 1953, 55-57, choose to do). On the other hand, the ὠνὰ τοῦ λατρικοῦ in l. 16 is better understood as a tax on salaried workers (Vreeken 1953, 68-70), rather than corrected in ἰατρικοῦ (as first suggested by Reinach 1891, 371).
The typology of text to which these sacrificial prescriptions belonged is unclear. While the first editor interpreted it as a list of participants to the cult of Poseidon, Cos and Rhodos (Toepffer 1891, 413), it has been subsequently (von Prott, Ziehen, LGS II 340) connected to the typically Coan genre of διαγραφαί, i.e., texts stating conditions for the auction of priesthoods (the characteristics of these texts are discussed at length by Parker, Obbink 2000; 2001; Wiemer 2003). Διαγραφαί sometimes contained a list of sacrificial prescriptions, which was meant to ensure the cult’s income (in the case of sacrifices performed by private citizens) as well as determine the amount of public funds to be assigned to each cult, by way of sacrifices performed by public officials and later reimbursed by the state (Parker, Obbink 2000, 427-429, with examples). This practice of reimbursement is mentioned in the text under consideration here (ll. 22-23, 25-26, 28-29), in reference to ship-haulers (on the role of the νεωλκοί, see Wiemer 2003, 120), the nauarchos and the trierarchs.
Wiemer (2003, 121-122), however, argued that the text under consideration here is not in fact a διαγραφά, but rather a sacred law regulating the cult of Poseidon, Cos and Rhodos; his argument is based on the unparalleled length and formulaic style of the list of sacrificial prescriptions, as well as on the presence of multiple references to this kind of law in another text, the διαγραφά for the cult of Hermes Enagonios (IG XII 4.1 298; see e.g. ll. 64-68). In the same article, Wiemer also offered a possible explanation for the high lexical variation in the first part of the text (the verbs used in reference to tax contractors are ὠνέομαι, ἀγοράζω, πρίαμαι, μισθόω and ἔχω; this lexical variation cannot be rendered in translation): the inscription must have been a compilation of different 'Pflichtenhefte' that defined the obligations of tax contractors (Wiemer 2003, 120). The hypothesis that the text was a compilation also helps explain the puzzling use of ὁμοίως καὶ οὗτοι in l. 23, in reference to the reimbursement that shall be paid to ship-haulers (ibid.): rather than refer back to the oar-makers, lessors of lookout-places and fish-dealers that are mentioned immediately before, the expression must have been lifted from a context in which other reimbursements were mentioned.
In conclusion, despite the many problems involved in the interpretation of single items in the list of taxes, this text gives us a picture of the economy of the island of Cos at the end of the 2nd century BC, as well as an interesting testimony on the interplay between διαγραφαί and sacred laws.
Andreades, A. (1931), Geschichte der griechischen Staatswirtschaft, Hildesheim
Chandezon, C. (2003), L’Élevage en Grèce, Bordeaux
Chankowski, V. (2007), 'Les catégories du vocabulaire de la fiscalité dans les cités grecques', in J. Andreau, V. Chankowski (eds.), Vocabulaire et expression de l’économie dans le monde antique, Bordeaux 2007, 299-331
Chatzebasileios, B.S. (1981), ‘Τα δημοσιονομικά της Κω από μαρτυρίες επιγραφών (1100 π.Χ. – 160 π.Χ.)’, Τα Κωακά 2, 47-63
Crowther, Ch. (2004), 'The dating of Koan Hellenistic inscriptions', in K. Höghammar (ed.), The Hellenistic Polis of Kos, Uppsala 2004, 21-60
Eich, A. (2006), Die politische Ökonomie des antiken Griechenland, Köln
Francotte, H. (1900), L’industrie dans la Grèce ancienne, Bruxelles
Herzog, R. (1899), Koische Forschungen und Funde, Leipzig
Kontoleon, A. (1891), ‘Επιγραφαί της νήσου Κω’, AM 16, 406-410
Migeotte, L. (2014), Les finances des cités grecques, Paris
Nilsson, M.P. (1961), Geschichte der griechischen Religion II2, München
Parker, R. and D. Obbink (2000), 'Aus der Arbeit der «Inscriptiones Graecae» VI. Sales of priesthoods on Cos I', Chiron 30, 415-449
Parker, R. and D. Obbink (2001), 'Aus der Arbeit der «Inscriptiones Graecae» VI. Sales of priesthoods on Cos II', Chiron 31, 229-252
Reinach, T. (1891), ‘Inscription de l’île de Cos’, REG 4, 357-376
Reinach, T. (1892a), ‘L’impot sur les courtisanes à Cos’, REG 5, 100-102
Reinach, T. (1892b), ‘Encore un mot sur l’inscription de Cos’, REG 5, 253
Rostovtzeff, M. (1941), The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World, Oxford
Sherwin-White, S. (1978), Ancient Cos, Göttingen
Toepffer, J. (1891), ‘Koisches Sakralgesetz’, AM 16, 411-432
Toepffer, J. (1892), ‘Nouvelles remarques sur l’inscription de Cos’, BCH 16, 162-165
Vreeken, W.A.L. (1953), De lege quadam sacra Coorum, Groningen
Wiemer, H.U. (2003), 'Käufliche Priestertümer im hellenistischen Kos', Chiron 33, 263-310 Author: Martina Astrid Rodda Last update: March 2017 DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI038
TM Number:
901494
Author: Martina Astrid Rodda
Last Update: March 2017
DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI038
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2<?oxygen RNGSchema="http://www.stoa.org/epidoc/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" type="xml"?> 3<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en"> 4 <teiHeader> 5 <fileDesc> 6 <titleStmt> 7 <title>Cos. Sacrificial prescriptions for tax contractors and public officials</title> 8 <editor>Donatella Erdas</editor> 9 <editor>Anna Magnetto</editor> 10 <editor>Martina Astrid Rodda</editor> 11 </titleStmt> 12 <publicationStmt> 13 <authority>Laboratory of Computer Sciences for Ancient Languages, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa</authority> 14 <idno type="filename">GEI038</idno> 15 <availability><p>for internal use only</p></availability> 16 </publicationStmt> 17 <sourceDesc> 18 <ab>Aimed for 19 <bibl xml:id="ErdMagCS"><author>D. Erdas</author>, <author>A. Magnetto</author>, 20 <title>Corpus delle iscrizioni economiche greche</title> in c.s.</bibl>; 21 this version born digital</ab> 22 <ab> 23 <msDesc> 24 <msIdentifier/> 25 26 <physDesc> 27 <objectDesc> 28 <supportDesc> 29 <support> 30 <p> 31 Opisthographic <objectType>stele</objectType> of <material>white marble</material>, broken at the bottom, adorned with a jutting cymatium; side A erased (dimensions: <dimensions><height unit="metre" quantity="0.49"> 0.49</height> <width unit="metre" atLeast="0.565" atMost="0.575"> 0.565-0.575</width> <depth unit="metre" quantity="0.065"> 0.065</depth></dimensions>) 32 </p> 33 </support> 34 </supportDesc> 35 <layoutDesc> 36 <layout>Single column, left to right, not stoichedon; some letters missing on both margins</layout> 37 </layoutDesc> 38 </objectDesc> 39 <handDesc> 40 <handNote><height unit="metre" quantity="0.006"> 0.006</height>. Features of Coan (Doric) dialect ('impure' ᾱ retained; ευ < εο; <foreign xml:lang="grc">τοί</foreign> for <foreign xml:lang="grc">οἱ</foreign>; <foreign xml:lang="grc">τοῦτοι</foreign> for <foreign xml:lang="grc">οὗτοι</foreign>; 1st decl. gen. pl. -ᾶν; 3rd pl. imperative -ντω act., -σθων mid.; etymological -ντι (3rd pl. act.) retained; <foreign xml:lang="grc">κα</foreign> for <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἄν</foreign>; <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ποτειδάν</foreign> for <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ποσειδῶν</foreign>); <foreign xml:lang="la">iota parasiticum</foreign> used in verb forms throughout the text</handNote> 41 </handDesc> 42 </physDesc> 43 44 <history> 45 <origin> 46 <ab><origPlace><placeName>Cos</placeName>, unknown location</origPlace></ab> 47 <ab><origDate notBefore="-0125" notAfter="-0100" precision="low" cert="low" evidence="lettering">End of the second century BC (<ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2163">Crowther 2004</ref>)</origDate></ab> 48 49 </origin> 50 <provenance> 51 <listEvent> 52 <event type="found"> 53 <p><placeName>Platani</placeName> (formerly <placeName>Kermete</placeName>), <placeName>Cos</placeName>, 1891</p> 54 </event> 55 <event type="observed"> 56 <p><placeName>Istanbul</placeName>, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri (Istanbul Archaeology Museums), inv. no. 3012</p> 57 </event> 58 </listEvent> 59 </provenance> 60 </history> 61 62 </msDesc> 63 </ab> 64 </sourceDesc> 65 </fileDesc> 66 67 <encodingDesc> 68 <p>Marked-up according to the EpiDoc Guidelines and Schema, version 8</p> 69 <projectDesc> 70 <p>Sample for a Corpus of Greek Economical Inscriptions</p> 71 </projectDesc> 72 </encodingDesc> 73 <profileDesc> 74 <langUsage> 75 <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek</language> 76 <language ident="la">Latin</language> 77 <language ident="grc-Latn">Transliterated Greek</language> 78 <language ident="en">English</language> 79 <language ident="it">Italian</language> 80 <language ident="fr">French</language> 81 <language ident="de">German</language> 82 </langUsage> 83 <textClass> 84 85 <keywords scheme="subject"> 86 <term>sacrifice</term> 87 <term>tax</term> 88 <term>tax contractor</term> 89 <term>cult</term> 90 <term>treasurer</term> 91 <term>reimbursement</term> 92 <term>commerce</term> 93 <term>sacrificial prescription</term> 94 </keywords> 95 <keywords scheme="type"> 96 <term>sacred law</term> 97 <term>diagraphe</term> 98 </keywords> 99 <keywords scheme="context"> 100 <term/> 101 </keywords> 102 103 </textClass> 104 </profileDesc> 105 </teiHeader> 106 <text> 107 <body> 108 109 <div type="bibliography" subtype="referenceEdition"> 110 <head>Reference edition</head> 111 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1987"><title level="m">IG</title> XII 4.1</ref> 293 (with minor changes)</bibl> 112 </div> 113 114 <div type="bibliography" subtype="editions"> 115 <head>Other editions</head> 116 <bibl>ed. pr. <ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2158">Kontoleon 1891</ref>, 406-409;</bibl> 117 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2159">Reinach 1891</ref></bibl> 118 <bibl>(<ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0106"><title level="m">SGDI</title></ref> III.1 3632;</bibl> 119 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0128">C. Michel, <title level="m">Recueil</title></ref> 720;</bibl> 120 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0176">H.Th.A. von Prott, L. Ziehen, <title level="m">LGS</title></ref> II, 137;</bibl> 121 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2160">Chatzebasileios 1981</ref>, 47-63); </bibl> 122 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0014">W. Dittenberger, <title level="m">Syll</title></ref>.<edition>3</edition> 1000;</bibl> 123 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2161"><title level="m">Tit.Cal.</title></ref> 25 (ll. 7-8);</bibl> 124 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2020">Chandezon 2003</ref>, no. 39 (ll. 6-8));</bibl> 125 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2162">Vreeken 1953</ref></bibl> 126 <bibl>(<ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0002">H.W. Pleket, <title level="m">Epigraphica</title></ref> 23 (ll. 1-16);</bibl> 127 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0027">F. Sokolowski, <title level="m">LSCG</title></ref> 168)</bibl> 128 </div> 129 130 <div type="bibliography" subtype="illustrations"> 131 <head>Photographs</head> 132 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2158">Kontoleon 1891</ref> (facs.);</bibl> 133 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2159">Reinach 1891</ref> (facs.);</bibl> 134 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2162">Vreeken 1953</ref> (phot. of the squeeze);</bibl> 135 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2163">Crowther 2004</ref>, fig. 39 (phot. of the squeeze, also available at http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/CSAD/Images/00/Image66.html)</bibl> 136 </div> 137 138 <div type="bibliography" subtype="translations"> 139 <head>Translations</head> 140 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2020">Chandezon 2003</ref>, no. 39 (ll. 6-8; in French)</bibl> 141 </div> 142 143 <div type="bibliography" subtype="other"> 144 <head>Bibliography</head> 145 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2164">Toepffer 1891</ref>;</bibl> 146 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2165">Toepffer 1892</ref>;</bibl> 147 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2166">Reinach 1892a</ref>, 100-102;</bibl> 148 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2167">Reinach 1892b</ref>, 253;</bibl> 149 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2168">Herzog 1899</ref>, no. 191;</bibl> 150 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2169">Francotte 1900</ref>, 127-129;</bibl> 151 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2170">Andreades 1931</ref>, 162-166;</bibl> 152 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2139">Rostovtzeff 1941</ref>, 241-243;</bibl> 153 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2171">Nilsson 1961</ref>, 75;</bibl> 154 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2172">Sherwin-White 1978</ref>, 229-235;</bibl> 155 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2173">Wiemer 2003</ref>;</bibl> 156 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2163">Crowther 2004</ref>, 25-26, 29, fig. 39;</bibl> 157 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2174">Eich 2006</ref>, 110-112;</bibl> 158 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2105">Chankowski 2007</ref>, 313;</bibl> 159 <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2024">Migeotte 2014</ref>, 92-93, 241-242, 266, 271-272, 288-289, and <foreign xml:lang="la">passim</foreign></bibl> 160 </div> 161 162 <div type="edition" xml:lang="grc" xml:space="preserve"> 163 <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="Face B"> 164 <ab> 165 <lb n="1"/><w lemma="θύω"><supplied reason="lost">θ</supplied>υέτω</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθω<corr>ι</corr></w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνέομαι">ἐωνημένος</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ναῦσσος"><w lemma="ναῦσσον">ναύσσου</w></w></rs> <w lemma="ἔξω">ἔξω</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπ’</w> 166 <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0255"><name nymRef="Ἀρχέβιος"><w lemma="Ἀρχέβιος">Ἀ<supplied reason="lost">ρχ</supplied><lb break="no" n="2"/><unclear>ε</unclear>βίου</w></name></persName> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτά</w></w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνέομαι">ἐωνημένοι</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ναῦσσος"><w lemma="ναῦσσον">ναύσσου</w></w></rs>, <w lemma="ἄρτος">ἄρτων</w>, <w lemma="κῆπος">κάπων</w> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> 167 <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">τα<supplied reason="lost">ὐ</supplied><lb break="no" n="3"/>τά</w></w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀγοράζω">ἀγοράξαντες</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τᾶς</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὀβελία">ὀβελίας</w></rs> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτά</w></w>· 168 <lb n="4"/><w lemma="θύω"><supplied reason="lost">θ</supplied>υόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="πρίαμαι">πριάμενοι</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <w lemma="σῖτος">σίτου</w> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτά</w></w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυό<supplied reason="omitted">ν</supplied>τω</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> 169 <lb n="5"/><w lemma="καί"><supplied reason="lost">κ</supplied>αὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="πρίαμαι">πριάμενοι</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <w lemma="οἶνος">οἴνου</w> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="θάλασσα">θαλάσσαι</w>, <w lemma="ἑταίρα">ἑταιρᾶν</w>, <w lemma="ξύλον">ξύλων</w>, <w lemma="ἄλφιτον">ἀλφίτ<corr>ω</corr>ν</w>, 170 <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἐνοίκιος">ἐ<lb break="no" n="6"/><unclear>ν</unclear>οικίων</w></rs> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτά</w></w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀγοράζω">ἀγοράξαντες</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> 171 <w lemma="τετράπους">τετραπ<supplied reason="undefined" source="previouseditor">ό</supplied><lb break="no" n="7"/><unclear>δ</unclear>ων</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀγοράζω">ἀγοράζοντες</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <placeName ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0104"><name nymRef="Καλύμνα"><w lemma="Καλύμνα">Καλύμναι</w></name></placeName> <w lemma="οἶνος">οἴν<supplied reason="undefined" source="previouseditor">ου</supplied></w> 172 <lb n="8"/><w lemma="ἐκ"><supplied reason="lost">ἐ</supplied>ξ</w> <w lemma="οἰνόπεδον">οἰ<corr>ν</corr>οπέδων</w>, <w lemma="ζεῦγος">ζευγέων</w>, <w lemma="ἔριον">ἐρίων</w> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτά</w></w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> 173 <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀγοράζω">ἀγο<supplied reason="undefined" source="previouseditor">ρά</supplied><lb break="no" n="9"/><supplied reason="lost">ξ</supplied>αντες</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <w lemma="ἀμπελοστατέω">ἀμπελοστα<corr>τ</corr>εύντων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="γυναικεῖος">γυναικείων</w> <w lemma="σῶμα">σωμάτων</w> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτά</w></w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ"><supplied reason="lost">δὲ</supplied></w> 174 <lb n="10"/><w lemma="καί"><supplied reason="lost">καὶ</supplied></w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθων</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἀγοράζω">ἀγοράξαντες</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <w lemma="σκοπή">σκοπᾶς</w> <w lemma="δημόσιος">δαμοσίας</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυέτω</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">κ<supplied reason="lost">αὶ</supplied></w> 175 <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω"><supplied reason="lost">σκα</supplied><lb break="no" n="11"/><supplied reason="lost">νο</supplied>παγείσθωι</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <w lemma="ἄλλος">ἄλλ<supplied reason="omitted">α</supplied>ν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μισθόω">μισθωσάμενος</w></rs> <w lemma="σκοπή">σκοπὰν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπὶ</w> <placeName ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0105"><name nymRef="Ναυτίλεον"><w lemma="Ναυτίλεον">Ναυτιλέωι</w></name></placeName>· <w lemma="θύω">θυέτω</w> <w lemma="δέ">δ<unclear>ὲ</unclear></w> <w lemma="κατά"><supplied reason="lost">κατὰ</supplied></w> 176 <lb n="12"/><w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ"><supplied reason="lost">τα</supplied>ὐτά</w></w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθωι</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="πρίαμαι">πριάμενος</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τᾶν</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0021"><name nymRef="Μοῦσαι"><w lemma="Μοῦσα">Μουσᾶν</w></name></persName> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτά</w></w>· <w lemma="θύω">θ<supplied reason="lost">υέτωι</supplied></w> <w lemma="δέ"><supplied reason="lost">δὲ</supplied></w> 177 <lb n="13"/><w lemma="κατά"><supplied reason="lost">κ</supplied>ατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτά</w></w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθωι</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="πρίαμαι">πριάμενος</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="Ἀφροδίσιος">Ἀφροδεισίου</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυέτ<supplied reason="lost">ωι</supplied></w> <w lemma="δέ"><supplied reason="lost">δὲ</supplied></w> 178 <lb n="14"/><w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθωι</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="πρίαμαι">πριάμενος</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <w lemma="κύκλος">κύκλου</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0022"><name nymRef="Γῆ"><w lemma="Γῆ">Γᾶς</w></name></persName> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτά</w></w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="κατά"><supplied reason="lost">κατὰ</supplied></w> 179 <lb n="15"/><w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ"><supplied reason="lost">ταὐ</supplied>τά</w></w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθ<corr>ω</corr>ν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <w lemma="ἔχω">ἔχοντες</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="λιβανοπώλης">λιβανοπωλᾶν</w></rs>, <w lemma="ὄσπριον">ὀσπρίων</w>, <w lemma="τάριχος">ταρείχου</w>· 180 <w lemma="θύω"><supplied reason="lost">θυέ</supplied><lb n="16" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">τ</supplied><unclear>ω</unclear>ι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτὰ</w></w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθωι</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <w lemma="ἔχω">ἔχων</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὠνή">ὠνὰν</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="λατρικόν">λατρικοῦ</w></rs>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> 181 <lb n="17"/><w lemma="καί"><supplied reason="lost">καὶ</supplied></w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθων</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <w lemma="κωποξύστης">κωποξύσται</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0023"><name nymRef="Ποσειδῶν"><w lemma="Ποσειδῶν">Ποτειδᾶνι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0024"><name nymRef="Κῶς"><w lemma="Κῶς">Κῷ</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> 182 <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριά<lb n="18" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">κον</supplied>τα</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0025"><name nymRef="Ῥόδος"><w lemma="Ῥόδος">Ῥόδωι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκοντα</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="κατά">κα<supplied reason="omitted">τὰ</supplied></w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτὰ</w></w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὅσος">ὅσσοι</w> <w lemma="κα">κα</w> <w lemma="σκοπή">σκοπᾶς</w> 183 <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μίσθωσις">μίσθω<lb n="19" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">σιν</supplied></w></rs> <w lemma="ποιέω">ποιήσωνται</w> <w lemma="ἤ">ἢ</w> <w lemma="ἔχω">ἔχωντι</w> <w lemma="ἰδιωτικός">ἰδιωτικὰν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μισθόω">μεμισθωμένοι</w></rs> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0023"><name nymRef="Ποσειδῶν"><w lemma="Ποσειδῶν">Ποτειδᾶνι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0024"><name nymRef="Κῶς"><w lemma="Κῶς">Κῷ</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> 184 <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τρι<supplied reason="lost">ά</supplied><lb n="20" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">κον</supplied>τα</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0025"><name nymRef="Ῥόδος"><w lemma="Ῥόδος">Ῥόδωι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="εἰς">ἐς</w> <w lemma="ὅς">ὅ</w> <w lemma="κα">κα</w> <w lemma="εἰμί">ἦι</w> <w lemma="συνίστημι">συνεστηκυῖα</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ἁ</w> <w lemma="σκοπή">σκοπά</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> 185 <w lemma="κατά">κα<lb n="21" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">τὰ</supplied></w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ"><supplied reason="lost">τ</supplied>αὐτὰ</w></w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ"><corr>τ</corr>οὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="μετάβολος">μετάβολοι</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ἰχθύς">ἰχθύσιν</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0023"><name nymRef="Ποσειδῶν"><w lemma="Ποσειδῶν">Ποτειδᾶνι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0024"><name nymRef="Κῶς"><w lemma="Κῶς">Κῷ</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκον<supplied reason="lost">τα</supplied></w> 186 <lb n="22"/><w lemma="καί"><supplied reason="lost">καὶ</supplied></w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0025"><name nymRef="Ῥόδος"><w lemma="Ῥόδος">Ῥόδωι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκοντα</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτὰ</w></w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <w lemma="νεωλκός">νεωλκοί</w>, 187 <w lemma="λαμβάνω">λαμβάνο<supplied reason="lost">ν</supplied><lb n="23" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">τε</supplied>ς</w> <w lemma="ὅμοιος">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="οὗτος">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="παρά">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ταμίας">ταμιᾶν</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμὰς</w></rs> <w lemma="ἑξήκοντα">ἑξήκοντα</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυέτωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <w lemma="ναύαρχος">ναύαρχος</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τ<supplied reason="lost">ῶι</supplied></w> 188 <lb n="24"/><persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0023"><name nymRef="Ποσειδῶν"><w lemma="Ποσειδῶν"><supplied reason="lost">Πο</supplied>τειδᾶνι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0024"><name nymRef="Κῶς"><w lemma="Κῶς">Κῶι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0025"><name nymRef="Ῥόδος"><w lemma="Ῥόδος">Ῥόδωι</w></name></persName> <space extent="unknown" unit="character"/> 189 <lb n="25"/><w lemma="ὄϊς"><supplied reason="lost">οἶν</supplied></w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκοντα</w>, <rs type="economic"><w lemma="διαγράφω">διαγραφέσθωι</w></rs> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτῶι</w> <w lemma="παρά">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ταμίας">ταμιᾶν</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμὰς</w></rs> 190 <w lemma="ἐνενήκοντα">ἐνενή<lb n="26" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">κο</supplied>ντα</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="κατά">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="αὐτός"><w lemma="ὁ">ταὐτὰ</w></w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="σκηνοπηγέω">σκανοπαγείσθων</w> <w lemma="ἕκαστος">ἕκαστος</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="τριήραρχος">τριηράρχων</w>, 191 <w lemma="θύω">θυόν<lb n="27" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">τ</supplied><unclear>ω</unclear>ι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0023"><name nymRef="Ποσειδῶν"><w lemma="Ποσειδῶν">Ποτειδᾶνι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0024"><name nymRef="Κῶς"><w lemma="Κῶς">Κῶι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκοντ<supplied reason="lost">α</supplied></w> 192 <lb n="28"/><w lemma="καί"><supplied reason="lost">κα</supplied>ὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0025"><name nymRef="Ῥόδος"><w lemma="Ῥόδος">Ῥόδωι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκοντα</w>, <w lemma="λαμβάνω">λαμβανόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="οὗτος">τοῦτοι</w> <w lemma="παρά">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ταμίας">ταμ<supplied reason="undefined" source="previouseditor">ι</supplied><supplied reason="lost">ᾶν</supplied></w></rs> 193 <lb n="29"/><rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή"><supplied reason="lost">δρ</supplied>αχμὰς</w></rs> <w lemma="ἐνενήκοντα">ἐνενήκοντα</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="καρπολογέω">καρπολογεῦντες</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0023"><name nymRef="Ποσειδῶν"><w lemma="Ποσειδῶν">Ποτειδᾶνι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀ<supplied reason="lost">πὸ</supplied></w> 194 <lb n="30"/><rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή"><supplied reason="lost">δρ</supplied>αχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τεσσαράκοντα">τεσσαράκοντα</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0024"><name nymRef="Κῶς"><w lemma="Κῶς">Κῶι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τεσσαράκοντα">τεσσαράκοντα</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0025"><name nymRef="Ῥόδος"><w lemma="Ῥόδος">Ῥόδωι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶν</w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπ<supplied reason="lost">ὸ</supplied></w> 195 <lb n="31"/><rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή"><supplied reason="lost">δρ</supplied><unclear>α</unclear>χμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τεσσαράκοντα">τεσσαράκοντα</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὶ</w> <w lemma="ὑπηρέτης">ὑπηρέται</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τᾶν</w> <w lemma="μακρός">μακρᾶν</w> <w lemma="ναῦς">ναῶν</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0023"><name nymRef="Ποσειδῶν"><w lemma="Ποσειδῶν">Ποτειδᾶνι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0024"><name nymRef="Κῶς"><w lemma="Κῶς"><supplied reason="lost">Κῶι</supplied></w></name></persName> 196 <lb n="32"/><w lemma="ὄϊς"><supplied reason="lost">οἶν</supplied></w> <w lemma="ἀπό"><supplied reason="lost">ἀ</supplied>πὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τρι<supplied reason="lost">άκοντα</supplied></w> <w lemma="καί"><supplied reason="lost">κ</supplied>αὶ</w> <persName type="divine" ref="GEIListPers/#div0025"><name nymRef="Ῥόδος"><w lemma="Ῥόδος">Ῥόδωι</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὄϊς">οἶ<supplied reason="lost">ν</supplied></w> <w lemma="ἀπό">ἀπὸ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή"><supplied reason="lost">δ</supplied>ρα<supplied reason="lost">χ</supplied>μᾶν</w></rs> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τρ<supplied reason="lost">ιάκ</supplied>οντα</w>· <w lemma="θύω">θυόντωι</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">το<supplied reason="lost">ὶ</supplied></w> 197 <lb n="33"/><gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="4" precision="low"/><w part="F"><orig>οι</orig></w> <w lemma="ἐκ">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ὑπηρετικός">ὑπηρε<supplied reason="lost">τικῶν</supplied></w> <w lemma="πλοῖον"><supplied reason="lost">πλοίων</supplied></w> <gap reason="lost" unit="character" extent="unknown"/><gap reason="illegible" unit="character" quantity="1"/><gap reason="lost" unit="character" extent="unknown"/> <w lemma="ἀπό"><supplied reason="lost">ἀπὸ</supplied></w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δραχμή">δραχμᾶν</w></rs> 198 <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τ<supplied reason="lost">ριά</supplied><lb n="34" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">κοντα</supplied></w> <gap reason="lost" unit="character" extent="unknown"/> 199 <lb/><gap reason="lost" unit="line" extent="unknown"/> 200 </ab> 201 </div> 202 </div> 203 204 <div type="apparatus" xml:lang="en"> 205 <head>Apparatus criticus</head> 206 <p> 207 l. 1: <foreign xml:lang="grc">σκανοπαγείσθω<corr>ι</corr></foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc">-σθων</foreign> stele, corr. by Vreeken (previous editors have <foreign xml:lang="grc">-σθω<surplus>ν</surplus></foreign>; Bechtel (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0106"><title level="m">SGDI</title></ref></bibl>) already suggests <foreign xml:lang="grc">-σθω<corr>ι</corr></foreign>). 208 ll. 1-2: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπ’ Ἀ<supplied reason="lost">ρχ</supplied>|<unclear>ε</unclear>βίου</foreign> : Hallof (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1987"><title level="m">IG</title> XII 4.1</ref> 293</bibl>); <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπα<supplied reason="lost">μοι</supplied>βίου</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπα<supplied reason="lost">γω</supplied>γίου</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπ’ Ἀ<supplied reason="lost">ναξι</supplied>βίου</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ἀ<supplied reason="lost">λεξι</supplied>βίου</foreign> or other similar magistrates’ names sugg. by Herzog (in <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0014"><title level="m">Syll</title></ref>.<edition>3</edition> 1000</bibl>), who read <foreign xml:lang="grc"><orig>ΕΠΑ<gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="3"/>|<unclear>Β</unclear>ΙΟΥ</orig></foreign>. 209 l. 4: <foreign xml:lang="grc">θυό<supplied reason="omitted">ν</supplied>τω</foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc"><orig>ΘΥΟΤΩ</orig></foreign> stele, read and corr. by current editor. 210 l. 5: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀλφίτ<corr>ω</corr>ν</foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc"><orig>ΑΛΦΙΤΟΝ</orig></foreign> stele, corr. by Kontoleon. 211 ll. 6-8: the underlined letters are only discernible in Kontoleon and Reinach’s facss. 212 l. 8: <foreign xml:lang="grc">οἰ<corr>ν</corr>οπέδων</foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc">οἰκοπέδων</foreign> stele, corr. by Bechtel (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0106"><title level="m">SGDI</title></ref></bibl>). 213 l. 9: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀμπελοστα<corr>τ</corr>εύντων</foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc"><orig>ΑΜΠΕΛΟΣΤΑΥΕΥΝΤΩΝ</orig></foreign> stele, corr. by Wilhelm (in <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2164">Toepffer 1891</ref></bibl>). 214 l. 11: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἄλλ<supplied reason="omitted">α</supplied>ν</foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc"><orig>ΑΛΛΝ</orig></foreign> stele, corr. by Kontoleon (who read <foreign xml:lang="grc"><orig>ΑΛΑΝ</orig></foreign>). 215 l. 15: <foreign xml:lang="grc">σκανοπαγείσθ<corr>ω</corr>ν</foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc">-σθον</foreign> stele, read and corr. by Hallof (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1987"><title level="m">IG</title> XII 4.1</ref> 293</bibl>); previous eds. all read <foreign xml:lang="grc">-σθων</foreign>. 216 l. 16: <foreign xml:lang="grc">λατρικοῦ</foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc"><corr>ἰ</corr>ατρικοῦ</foreign> sugg. by <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2164">Toepffer 1891</ref></bibl>. 217 l. 18: <foreign xml:lang="grc">κα<supplied reason="omitted">τὰ</supplied> ταὐτὰ</foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc"><orig>ΚΑΤΑΥΤΑ</orig></foreign> stele, read and corr. by <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2166">Reinach 1892a</ref></bibl>. From <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὅσσοι</foreign> to line-end the letters are written in rasura and more tightly packed than elsewhere. 218 ll. 18-19: <foreign xml:lang="grc">σκοπᾶς μίσθω|<supplied reason="lost">σιν</supplied> ποιήσωνται</foreign> : read and suppl. by Hallof (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1987"><title level="m">IG</title> XII 4.1</ref> 293</bibl>); previous eds. read <foreign xml:lang="grc">σκοπὰς μισθο|ποιήσωνται</foreign>. 219 l. 19: <foreign xml:lang="grc">οἶν ἀπ-</foreign> : written in rasura. 220 l. 21: <foreign xml:lang="grc">καὶ <corr>τ</corr>οὶ</foreign> : <foreign xml:lang="grc"><orig>ΚΑΙΙ ΙΟΙ</orig></foreign> stele, corr. by Kontoleon. 221 l. 28: the underlined letters are only discernible in Kontoleon and Reinach’s facss. 222 l. 33: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὑπηρε<gap reason="lost" unit="character" extent="unknown"/></foreign> : not legible in either Kontoleon’s or Reinach’s facs.; read by <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2165">Toepffer 1892</ref></bibl> on a different facs. (not reproduced). <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὑπηρε<supplied reason="lost">τικῶν πλοίων</supplied></foreign> : suppl. by Hiller von Gaertringen (in <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0014"><title level="m">Syll</title></ref>.<edition>3</edition> 1000</bibl>). 223 </p> 224 </div> 225 226 <div type="translation" xml:lang="en" xml:space="preserve"> 227 <head>Translation</head> 228 <lb/><p><gap reason="lost" unit="line" extent="unknown"/></p> 229 <lb/><p>the contractor for the tax <foreign xml:lang="grc">ναύσσου ἔξω</foreign> and for that levied under Archebios shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax of <foreign xml:lang="grc">ναῦσσον</foreign>, on bread, on gardens shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax of the <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὀβελία</foreign> shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on grains shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on wine <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπὶ θαλάσσαι</foreign>, on courtesans, on wood, on barley-groats, on house-rent shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on cattle shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well; the contractors for the tax in Calymna on wine from vineyards, on yokes of cattle, on wool shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on vineyard-planters and on female slaves shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on the public lookout-place shall offer sacrifice <supplied reason="lost">and</supplied> pitch a tent as well; the contractor for the other lookout-place, the one by Nautileon, shall offer sacrifice and pitch a tent as well; the contractor for the tax of the Muses shall offer sacrifice <supplied reason="lost">under</supplied> the same conditions and pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractor for the tax of the Aphrodeision shall offer sacrifice under the same conditions and pitch a tent as well; the contractor for the tax of the circle of Earth shall offer sacrifice <supplied reason="lost">and</supplied> pitch a tent as well under the same conditions; the contractors for the tax on frankincense-dealers, on pulses, on dried fish shall offer sacrifice <supplied reason="lost">under</supplied> the same conditions and pitch a tent; the contractor for the tax on hired labor shall offer sacrifice under the same conditions and pitch a tent as well; the oar-makers shall offer sacrifice <supplied reason="lost">and</supplied> pitch a tent, to Poseidon and Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos one worth thirty drachmae; anyone who leases out a lookout-place or has rented a private one shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions, to Poseidon and Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos one worth thirty drachmae as long as the lookout-place subsists; those who deal in fish shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions, to Poseidon and Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae <supplied reason="lost">and</supplied> to Rhodos a sheep worth thirty drachmae; the ship-haulers shall offer sacrifice as well under the same conditions, receiving as those do sixty drachmae from the treasurers; the nauarchos shall offer sacrifice as well, to Poseidon a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos <supplied reason="lost">a sheep</supplied> worth thirty drachmae, and a payment shall be made to him by the treasurers, ninety drachmae; each of the trierarchs, they shall offer sacrifice under the same conditions and pitch a tent, and they shall sacrifice to Poseidon a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Cos a sheep worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos a sheep worth thirty drachmae, and these too shall receive ninety drachmae from the treasurers; the <foreign xml:lang="grc">καρπολογεῦντες</foreign> shall offer sacrifice as well, to Poseidon a sheep worth forty drachmae and to Cos a sheep worth forty drachmae and to Rhodos a sheep worth forty drachmae; the crews of the warships shall offer sacrifice as well, to Poseidon and <supplied reason="lost">Cos a sheep</supplied> worth thirty drachmae and to Rhodos a sheep <supplied reason="lost">worth</supplied> thirty drachmae; the <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> from the <supplied reason="lost">dispatch-boats</supplied> shall offer sacrifice as well <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/> <supplied reason="lost">worth thirty</supplied> drachmae <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="line"/></p> 230 </div> 231 232 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en" xml:space="preserve"> 233 <head>Commentary</head> 234 <lb/><p>The text consists of a long list of sacrificial prescriptions. It is composed of two sections, both heavily formulaic, in which different categories of citizens are instructed to “offer sacrifice and pitch a tent” (on the verb <foreign xml:lang="grc">σκανοπαγεῖν</foreign>, which is only attested in this text and probably refers to the practice of consuming the sacrificial banquet on the spot, see Hallof’s remarks on <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1987"><title level="m">IG</title> XII 4.1</ref> 293, l. 1</bibl>; <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2162">Vreeken 1953</ref>, 25-28</bibl>). The first section (ll. 1-16) lists sacrificial obligations for tax contractors (on their role, see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2024">Migeotte 2014</ref>, 92-102</bibl>). The recipient and size of the sacrifice (unknown) are referred to by the anaphoric <foreign xml:lang="grc">κατὰ ταὐτά</foreign>, which refers back to face A of the stele (illegible), where the list must have started. The second section (l. 16-end) contains instructions to a variety of people (part officials of the state, part private citizens) about sacrifices for the cult of Poseidon, Cos and Rhodos; details about the size of each sacrifice are given.</p> 235 <lb/><p>The inscription has been ascribed to the end of the 2nd century BC, for paleographic reasons (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2163">Crowther 2004</ref>, 25-26</bibl>, lists several texts by the same stonecutter, one of which can be dated).</p> 236 <lb/><p>In the first part of the inscription, a number of problems arise from single entries in the list of tax contractors. This commentary will only deal with the ones that are necessary in order to understand the text; for a detailed, if sometimes outdated, discussion, the reader should refer to Vreeken’s commentary (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2162">Vreeken 1953</ref></bibl>), as well as Hallof’s notes on <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1987"><title level="m">IG</title> XII 4.1</ref> 293</bibl>. For a discussion of the typologies of tax mentioned in the text, see Migeotte’s remarks (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2024">Migeotte 2014</ref>, 241-242, 266, 271-272</bibl>); whenever different taxes are listed together, they were probably contracted to the same individual(s) (<bibl><foreign xml:lang="la">ibid.</foreign>, 93</bibl>). It should be noted that Migeotte understands some of these taxes as examples of direct taxation, contrary to the views of <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2170">Andreades (1931</ref>, 165</bibl>). <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2105">Chankowski 2007</ref></bibl> provides further references on the typology of taxation in the ancient world.</p> 237 <lb/><p>The meaning of some of the terms denoting taxes is unclear. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ναῦσσον</foreign> (or <foreign xml:lang="grc">ναῦσσος</foreign>, ll. 1-2) is only attested in a 6th-century text from Cyzicus (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0043"><title level="m">Nomima</title></ref> I, no. 32, l. 4</bibl>), where it also denotes a tax; it has been connected with terms like <foreign xml:lang="grc">ναῦλον</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">ναῦσθλον</foreign>, and interpreted as a tax on seafaring or commerce by sea (see Hallof <foreign xml:lang="la">ad loc.</foreign> for references; <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2162">Vreeken 1953</ref>, 28-29</bibl>, suggested that the tax was to be understood as an <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐλλιμένιον</foreign>, on which see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2105">Chankowski 2007</ref>, 313-319</bibl>). The text mentions two different taxes with this name: an <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὠνὰ ναύσσου ἔξω</foreign> (l. 1; <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἔξω</foreign> is adverbial) and a simple <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὠνὰ ναύσσου</foreign> (l. 2; not to be interpreted as <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὠνὰ ναύσσου ἄρτων</foreign>, as the lack of a comma in the <title level="m">IG</title> text suggests, since this would contradict the inscription’s practice of listing taxes paratactically). The <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὠνὰ τᾶς ὀβελίας</foreign> (l. 3) may be either a capitation of one obol per person or a tax on a kind of bread-loaf (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2159">Reinach 1891</ref>, 366</bibl>; the use of the <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὀβελίας ἄρτος</foreign> in the cult of Dionysos is attested by <bibl>Pollux 6, 75</bibl>); the first option is more plausible, on account of the presence of the article (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2162">Vreeken, <title level="m">De lege quadam sacra Coorum</title></ref>, 34</bibl>). The <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὠνὰ οἴνου ἐπὶ θαλάσσαι</foreign> (l. 5) could either refer to the commerce of wine by sea (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2159">Reinach, <title level="j">REG</title>, 4, 1891</ref>, 367</bibl>; <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0027">Sokolowski, <title level="m">LSCG</title></ref>, 295</bibl>) or to the Coan practice of mixing wine with saltwater (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2162">Vreeken, <title level="m">De lege quadam sacra Coorum</title></ref>, 36-39</bibl>). The <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὠνὰ ἐνοικίων</foreign> (ll. 5-6) was a tax on rent, but it is unclear what kind of buildings were rented; the fact that it was contracted along with four other taxes suggests that its revenue was not high (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2170">Andreades, <title level="m">Geschichte der griechischen Staatswirtschaft</title></ref>, 164</bibl>, compares it to the Delian <foreign xml:lang="grc">δεκάτη ἐνοικίων</foreign>). The <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὠνὰ κύκλου Γᾶς</foreign> (l. 14) may refer to a delimited space in the agora, sacred to the Earth (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2162">Vreeken, <title level="m">De lege quadam sacra Coorum</title></ref>, 76-79</bibl>); <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2105">Chankowski (<title level="a">Les catégories du vocabulaire de la fiscalité</title></ref>, 313</bibl>) suggests that this might be a tax on land sales, and that it was named after the space in the agora where it was contracted out.</p> 238 <lb/><p>In the second half of the text, the only obscure word is <foreign xml:lang="grc">καρπολογεῦντες</foreign> (l. 29): these were probably state officials, given the context, but their functions are unclear (they may be related to the <foreign xml:lang="grc">καρπολόγοι</foreign> mentioned in <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1986"><title level="m">IG</title> XII suppl.</ref> 349B, l. 9</bibl>, from Thasos, and <bibl>Migeotte, <title level="m">Souscriptions</title>, no. 69, l. 37</bibl>, from Colophon; for further bibliography, see Hallof’s commentary <foreign xml:lang="la">ad loc.</foreign>).</p> 239 <lb/><p>There are remarkably few textual problems. At the end of l. 1, none of the proposed integrations is entirely satisfying, but Hallof’s <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπ’ Ἀ<supplied reason="lost">ρχ</supplied>|<unclear>ε</unclear>βίου</foreign> may be the only plausible one, given the rarity of the legible sequence. In l. 8, it is preferable to accept Bechtel’s (not Dittenberger’s) easy correction <foreign xml:lang="grc">οἰ<corr>ν</corr>οπέδων</foreign>, rather than try to explain the inscribed <foreign xml:lang="grc">οἰκοπέδων</foreign> (as <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2164">Toepffer 1891</ref>, 422</bibl>, and <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2162">Vreeken 1953</ref>, 55-57</bibl>, choose to do). On the other hand, the <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὠνὰ τοῦ λατρικοῦ</foreign> in l. 16 is better understood as a tax on salaried workers (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2162">Vreeken 1953</ref>, 68-70</bibl>), rather than corrected in <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἰατρικοῦ</foreign> (as first suggested by <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2159">Reinach 1891</ref>, 371</bibl>).</p> 240 <lb/><p>The typology of text to which these sacrificial prescriptions belonged is unclear. While the first editor interpreted it as a list of participants to the cult of Poseidon, Cos and Rhodos (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2164">Toepffer 1891</ref>, 413</bibl>), it has been subsequently (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0176">von Prott, Ziehen, <title level="m">LGS</title></ref> II 340</bibl>) connected to the typically Coan genre of <foreign xml:lang="grc">διαγραφαί</foreign>, i.e., texts stating conditions for the auction of priesthoods (the characteristics of these texts are discussed at length by <bibl>Parker, Obbink 2000; 2001</bibl>; <bibl>Wiemer 2003</bibl>). <foreign xml:lang="grc">Διαγραφαί</foreign> sometimes contained a list of sacrificial prescriptions, which was meant to ensure the cult’s income (in the case of sacrifices performed by private citizens) as well as determine the amount of public funds to be assigned to each cult, by way of sacrifices performed by public officials and later reimbursed by the state (<bibl>Parker, Obbink 2000, 427-429</bibl>, with examples). This practice of reimbursement is mentioned in the text under consideration here (ll. 22-23, 25-26, 28-29), in reference to ship-haulers (on the role of the <foreign xml:lang="grc">νεωλκοί</foreign>, see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2173">Wiemer 2003</ref>, 120</bibl>), the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">nauarchos</foreign> and the trierarchs.</p> 241 <lb/><p><bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2173">Wiemer (2003</ref>, 121-122</bibl>), however, argued that the text under consideration here is not in fact a <foreign xml:lang="grc">διαγραφά</foreign>, but rather a sacred law regulating the cult of Poseidon, Cos and Rhodos; his argument is based on the unparalleled length and formulaic style of the list of sacrificial prescriptions, as well as on the presence of multiple references to this kind of law in another text, the <foreign xml:lang="grc">διαγραφά</foreign> for the cult of Hermes Enagonios (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1987"><title level="m">IG</title> XII 4.1</ref> 298; see e.g. ll. 64-68</bibl>). In the same article, Wiemer also offered a possible explanation for the high lexical variation in the first part of the text (the verbs used in reference to tax contractors are <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὠνέομαι</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀγοράζω</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">πρίαμαι</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">μισθόω</foreign> and <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἔχω</foreign>; this lexical variation cannot be rendered in translation): the inscription must have been a compilation of different 'Pflichtenhefte' that defined the obligations of tax contractors (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2173">Wiemer 2003</ref>, 120</bibl>). The hypothesis that the text was a compilation also helps explain the puzzling use of <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὁμοίως καὶ οὗτοι</foreign> in l. 23, in reference to the reimbursement that shall be paid to ship-haulers (<foreign xml:lang="la">ibid.</foreign>): rather than refer back to the oar-makers, lessors of lookout-places and fish-dealers that are mentioned immediately before, the expression must have been lifted from a context in which other reimbursements were mentioned.</p> 242 <lb/><p>In conclusion, despite the many problems involved in the interpretation of single items in the list of taxes, this text gives us a picture of the economy of the island of Cos at the end of the 2nd century BC, as well as an interesting testimony on the interplay between <foreign xml:lang="grc">διαγραφαί</foreign> and sacred laws.</p> 243 <lb/> 244 <lb/> 245 <lb/><p>Andreades, A. (1931), <title level="m">Geschichte der griechischen Staatswirtschaft</title>, Hildesheim</p> 246 <lb/><p>Chandezon, C. (2003), <title level="m">L’Élevage en Grèce</title>, Bordeaux</p> 247 <lb/><p>Chankowski, V. (2007), 'Les catégories du vocabulaire de la fiscalité dans les cités grecques', in J. Andreau, V. Chankowski (eds.), <title level="m">Vocabulaire et expression de l’économie dans le monde antique</title>, Bordeaux 2007, 299-331</p> 248 <lb/><p>Chatzebasileios, B.S. (1981), ‘<foreign xml:lang="grc">Τα δημοσιονομικά της Κω από μαρτυρίες επιγραφών (1100 π.Χ. – 160 π.Χ.)</foreign>’, <foreign xml:lang="grc">Τα Κωακά</foreign> 2, 47-63</p> 249 <lb/><p>Crowther, Ch. (2004), 'The dating of Koan Hellenistic inscriptions', in K. Höghammar (ed.), <title level="m">The Hellenistic Polis of Kos</title>, Uppsala 2004, 21-60</p> 250 <lb/><p>Eich, A. (2006), <title level="m">Die politische Ökonomie des antiken Griechenland</title>, Köln</p> 251 <lb/><p>Francotte, H. (1900), <title level="m">L’industrie dans la Grèce ancienne</title>, Bruxelles</p> 252 <lb/><p>Herzog, R. (1899), <title level="m">Koische Forschungen und Funde</title>, Leipzig</p> 253 <lb/><p>Kontoleon, A. (1891), ‘<foreign xml:lang="grc">Επιγραφαί της νήσου Κω</foreign>’, <title>AM </title> 16, 406-410</p> 254 <lb/><p>Migeotte, L. (2014), <title level="m">Les finances des cités grecques</title>, Paris</p> 255 <lb/><p><bibl>Nilsson, M.P. (1961), <title level="m">Geschichte der griechischen Religion</title> II<edition>2</edition>, München</bibl></p> 256 <lb/><p>Parker, R. and D. Obbink (2000), 'Aus der Arbeit der «Inscriptiones Graecae» VI. Sales of priesthoods on Cos I', <title>Chiron</title> 30, 415-449</p> 257 <lb/><p>Parker, R. and D. Obbink (2001), 'Aus der Arbeit der «Inscriptiones Graecae» VI. Sales of priesthoods on Cos II', <title>Chiron</title> 31, 229-252</p> 258 <lb/><p>Reinach, T. (1891), ‘Inscription de l’île de Cos’, <title>REG</title> 4, 357-376</p> 259 <lb/><p>Reinach, T. (1892a), ‘L’impot sur les courtisanes à Cos’, <title>REG</title> 5, 100-102</p> 260 <lb/><p>Reinach, T. (1892b), ‘Encore un mot sur l’inscription de Cos’, <title>REG</title> 5, 253</p> 261 <lb/><p>Rostovtzeff, M. (1941), <title level="m">The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World</title>, Oxford</p> 262 <lb/><p>Sherwin-White, S. (1978), <title level="m">Ancient Cos</title>, Göttingen</p> 263 <lb/><p>Toepffer, J. (1891), ‘Koisches Sakralgesetz’, <title>AM</title> 16, 411-432</p> 264 <lb/><p>Toepffer, J. (1892), ‘Nouvelles remarques sur l’inscription de Cos’, <title>BCH</title> 16, 162-165</p> 265 <lb/><p>Vreeken, W.A.L. (1953), <title level="m">De lege quadam sacra Coorum</title>, Groningen</p> 266 <lb/><p>Wiemer, H.U. (2003), 'Käufliche Priestertümer im hellenistischen Kos', <title>Chiron</title> 33, 263-310</p> 267 </div> 268 269 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 270 <head>Author</head> 271 <p> Martina Astrid Rodda</p> 272 </div> 273 274 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 275 <head>Last update</head> 276 <p>March 2017</p> 277 </div> 278 279 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 280 <head>DOI</head> 281 <p> 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI038</p> 282 </div> 283 284 285 </body> 286 </text> 287</TEI>