GEI039
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Translation:
Since Quintus Caecilius Metellus, son of Quintus, aedile of Rome, being a good and noble man, friend and favorably disposed towards our nation, has approached the synedrion and recalled the past merits of his ancestors and has spoken requesting, as he has been elected to hold the position of aedile and his region is plagued by infertility, that it be given by our nation as much grain as is salable to the senate and the people, the councillors, remembering the previous merits to the nation of Quintus and of his ancestors and of the senate and of the people of Rome, decided to send to Rome for the senate and the people 430,000 kophinoi of wheat, according to the speech of Quintus, and that the allocation among the cities of the prescribed quantity be made by the strategos Petraios with the other magistrates and the councillors; that each of the cities arrange the transport of its assigned quantity of grain down to the harbour, whether that of the Demetreion or at Phalera or at Demetrias; that the transport of 320,000 (kophinoi) of the abovementioned quantity be made by Pelasgiotai and Phthiotai in the month of Aphrios, and by the Hestaiotai and Thessaliotai in the month of Thyros before the 20th, and of 110,000 (kophinoi) in the month of Phyllikos before the 15th, during the strategia of Petraios; and that each of the cities pay the costs that arise from the loading of the wheat on the ships, as regards its own quantity.
As concerns the transport by ship of the wheat to Rome, (the councillors) decided that, since Thessalians have no ships, Quintus provide for contracting it out as seems best to him and that the freight-charges be settled by the envoys sent to Rome on this business out of the price of the grain.
(They decided that), if Quintus is not able to send out the ships, but sends out the charterers, Petraios the strategos with the other appointees be responsible for shipping the wheat to Rome and for Petraios sending it with the men who will be in charge of it; and that Petraios the strategos with the other magistrates pay the costs of these things and provide for the dispatch and that Petraios make the allocation among the cities.
If any city does not transport the grain down to the harbours within the specified times, it will be fined 2 staters and 9 obols per kophinos; and that the collection of this assessment from the possessions of the city and of the inhabitants of the city be made, in any way they want, by the strategos Petraios and those charged by him, who are to be immune from punishments or fines, whatever the method by which they have made the collection. Commentary:
The first and main problem which the inscription involves concerns its dating and the identification of the persons mentioned in the decree. Many scholars tried to solve these problems. Gallis (1984-1987, 211) thinks that the inscription has to be dated to around 150 BC and that the aedile sent to request the grain is identifiable as Q. Caecilius Metellus later called Macedonicus (on the foreign affairs that could have caused the food shortage in Rome around this year, see Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984, 39; on Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, see RE s.v. Caecilius, no. 94 = Van Ooteghem 1967, 51-78). Manganaro (1983) proposes instead to date the inscription to 104 BC (when the second slave revolt in Sicily broke out), identifying Quintus as Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos (RE s.v. Caecilius, no. 96 = Van Ooteghem 1967, 217-219). Finally, according to Canali De Rossi (1995, 147-159) the decree should date back to 57 BC (as in that year there was a terrible dearth that vexed Rome) and Quintus would be Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica (RE s.v. Caecilius, no. 99 = Van Ooteghem 1967, 178-216; however, on the date of his aedilitas the issue is open, see Shatzman 1968, 350-353; Badian 1970, 4-6), whereas Petraios, the Thessalian strategos, has to be identified as the otherwise known partisan of Caesar (on this figure, see Kramolisch 1978, 115-117).
First of all, it must be said that neither Gallis nor Manganaro bother to identify the strategos Petraios. Furthermore, the flaw shared by all the scholars mentioned above is that they do not take into account the totality of the decrees with which the stone is engraved. In fact, all three were inscribed by the same hand and must date back to the same year (for this structure made up of more contemporaneous decrees, see for example SEG 57 510, a stele from Larissa of the same period, edited and commented in Helly, Tziafalias 2007, 421-474). Garnsey, Rathbone (1985, 25), after having supported the dating proposed by Gallis (1984-1987, 37), distanced themselves from it starting their new proposal with a prosopographical analysis of the third decree. It concerns the bestowal of the honour of equestrian statues to Timasitheos and Diotimos, who were strategoi in the period 146-135 BC (Kramolisch 1978, 61-74). If we assume that this honour was bestowed upon them after the end of their strategia and consider that Petraios, the strategos of the present decree, fulfilled his charge in the period 129-125 BC (on this figure, see Kramolisch 1978, 75-77, and Helly 1987, 39-53), we can conclude that the decree dates back to around 129 BC. In this year, in fact, a confluence of events occurred that makes a grain request from Rome (see below, Comm. ad ll. 20-24, ἀφορίαι) plausible. In this case, Quintus Caecilius Metellus mentioned in the present decree has to be identified as the man later called Balearicus, consul in 123 and therefore aedile in 129 (RE s.v. Caecilius, no. 82 = Van Ooteghem 1967, 87-92). For these reasons I prefer to follow their proposal of dating.
The decree starts with a presentation of the person of Quintus Caecilius Metellus and the mention of the services of his ancestors to the Thessalians. In ll. 21-24 the request of wheat is made with the mention of the cause that led Rome to submit it, namely the famine. In ll. from 24 up to 31 the κοινόν concedes what is requested explaining the details. Then in (ll. 31-38), some instructions are provided about the issue of the grain transport by land and the loading of it onto the ships. Furthermore, the problem of the shipment of the grain to Rome is dealt with: two different solutions are envisaged. The first one is that Quintus send out the ships and the Thessalians pay the freightage afterwards (ll. 39-43); otherwise, Quintus is to send out ships and shippers and the Thessalians are to pay a part of the freightage in advance (ll. 43-49). In the last section of the decree (ll. 49-56), a punishment is established for eventual delays in the delivery of the wheat down to the harbors.
- Lines 16-20.
εὐεργεσίας: The benefits recalled by Quintus explain why he himself had been sent in Thessaly in search for grain. In fact, since the beginning of the second century BC the family of Metelli showed interest towards Thessaly, offering some services to it (for a detailed list, see Helly 1983, 356; Garnsey 1988, 187). We may say that it was as if the Metelli were patroni of the Thessalians, according to the custom, rather widespread up to the late Republic, for which a renowned roman family established a relationship of patronage with foreign communities (see Gruen 1984, 162-172).
συνέδριον: The council of the Thessalians, the legitimate representation of the koinon, was based in Larissa, as proved by Livy (36, 8, 2) and an inscription (IG IX 2 261, l. 12). For an overview on the Thessalian koinon in the Roman age, see Larsen 1968, 281-94.
- Lines 20-24.
ἦ[ν ᾑρ]ημένος ἐπὶ τὴν ἀγορανομίας ἀρχήν: Quintus, in submitting his request, besides indicating the contingent cause that had led Rome to send him in search for grain (namely the famine, ἀφορία), also makes reference to his own institutional role. In fact he had been sent there, as well as for the bonds of his family with Thessaly, even as aedile. This charge played a central role in the provisioning of Rome (cf. Livy 10.11.9; 10.13; 23.41.7; 30.26.5; 31.4.6; 38.35.5; Cic. Off. 2.17.58; see further RE s.v. Aedilis, cols. 455-456). However, as noted by Virlouvet (1985, 93 n. 21), the expression might indicate that Quintus had been only appointed as aedile and would take office afterwards. If this is the case, he had gone in search for grain on his own initiative to solve the problem of food supply in advance.
κατὰ τὴν χ[ώρα]ν: Here I prefer the restoration of Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone ( 1984), that seems to make more sense than κατὰ τὴν χ[ρεία]ν proposed by Gallis in the editio princeps (although afterwards he himself opted in favour of χ[ώρα]ν, see Gallis 1984-1987). In fact, the latter seems to make the phrase too profligate, as it is useless to say «their situation of need consisted of famine», whereas it is more plausible that there is a reference to the situation of dearth that the territory (χώρα, presumably either the Italic peninsula, one of the main grain sources for Rome, see Rickman 1980, 101-104; Garnsey 1988, 188-191, and Erdkamp 2013, 270, or merely the territory of Rome) was experiencing.
ἀφορίαι: If we follow the chronology proposed by Garnsey and Rathbone (1985), the term ἀφορία cannot indicate insufficient harvests, but simply a famine caused by some events that kept the potential sources from which Rome could obtain the grain engaged. In fact, in Asia, in 131-129 BC, there was the riot of Aristonikos, in Syria, in 129-128 BC, Antiochus VII undertook a campaign against Parthia and Egypt, in ca. 130-127 BC, was living through the dynastic struggle between Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and Cleopatra II (cf. Garnsey, Rathbone 1985, 25).
ἐν [πρ]ατῶι: Here there is not agreement among the scholars. Gallis restores with ἐν [πρ]ατῶι, whereas Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone prefer ἐν [δυν]άτωι, but, as Gauthier points out (BE 1987 262), both restorations seem unsatisfactory and it would be better to restore this point with something like a passive tense of a verb such as ἀγείρω or ἀναφέρω. However, the photos of the stone do not allow an understanding of how many letters could fill the gap. I prefer to follow the restoration of Gallis because it explains by now that the grain will be bought by Rome (as will be said below, l. 28).
- Lines 24-31.
ἐκρίθη τοῖς συνέδροις: The decision is made by the council, the only body that held decision-making power in the Thessalian league (and that explains why there is no need to mention other authorities, as for example in the decrees of the Magnesians, where besides the σύνεδροι we also find ἐκκλησία, cf. IG IX 2 1103, l. 34).
τῇ συγκλήτῳ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ: Although the grain was addressed to the plebs, the Senate had the task of establishing the modalities of distribution (cf. Liv. 2.34.7).
π[υ]ρῶν κοφίνων μυριάδας τεσσαράκοντα τρεῖς: 430,000 kophinoi of wheat are tantamount to 80,625 Attic medimnoi or 438,750 modii or 32,250 quintals (see Hultsch 1862, 542-544; 1864-1866, I, 206, 320; for the kophinos see IG VII 2712, l. 65). This figure may seem small if compared with the population of Rome at this time. In fact, if we assume that the population was of 250,000 people (cf. Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984, 40; however, on the complex issue of calculating ancient Roman demography, with many references to the earlier bibliography, see Scheidel 2001) in the middle of the second century and that the average individual food requirement was of 2.5 modii (16.65 kg) of grain per month for a total amount of 7,500,000 modii (about this issue, see Pomey, Tchernia 1983, 38; Foxhall, Forbes 1982, 41-90), we can conclude that the Thessalian grain could satisfy only a small percentage of it (6.5%). That could be explained supposing either that the request to the Thessalians was only one of the many devices to remedy the famine (Virlouvet 1985, 95-96) or that the timetable plays here a very important role (see below).
πετραῖον τὸν [σ]τρατηγὸν μετὰ τῆς συναρχίας: The strategos, the other magistrates (συναρχία) and the councillors had to establish the partition of the grain sum due among the cities. For the formula ὁ στρατηγὸς μετὰ τῆς συναρχίας, cf. IG IX 508, ll. 30-31: Φιλοκράτην τὸν [στρα]|τηγὸν καὶ τοὺς συνάρχοντας. The term συναρχία encompasses more charges, the most important of which are the ἰππάρχης, the γραμματεύς and the ταμίας (cf. IG IX 2 507, ll. 1-3), charges that obviously were subordinated to the strategos.
- Lines 31-38.
τὴν καταγωγήν ... Δημητριάδι: It is noteworthy that there is a choice of harbors and this in order to allow the cities to go to the most reachable one. However, it must be said that all the Thessalian harbors had been made more easily reachable thanks to the passages of the Othrys, whose control Rome had won by virtue of the good relations with the town of Narthakion (relations that Rome formed siding with it in a territorial dispute with Meliteia, see Syll.3 674). This town, for its strategic position, gave the Romans easy access to the harbors as well as to northern Thessaly (see Cantarelli 1999, 130-131). The grain was presumably transported to the harbors by wagons or caravans drawn by oxen, mules or donkeys (on the grain transport by land, see Rickman 1980, 120-121; on the transport by land in the ancient world, see Schneider 2007, 163-164). Although the text is not explicit, it is implied that the costs of transport were paid by the cities themselves. It is interesting to note that sometimes, even when the grain was sent to Rome as regular tribute and not extraordinarily, the Roman State was exempt from covering the costs of the transport of grain to the harbours. Noteworthy are the cases of Sicily, where the tithe-collectors were responsible for the grain transport by land (Cic. 2Verr. 3.14.36; on the topic see Carcopino 1965, 19-24) and (obviously under the empire) of Egypt, where it was directly the cultivators that covered such costs by means of a tax (see Rickman 1980, 121).
τῶν μὲν τριάκοντα ... ἐπὶ τῆς Πετραίου στρατηγίας: Pelasgiotis and Phthiotis, as nearest to the harbors (about 50 and 15 km respectively), are required to deliver their own sum earlier. Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone (1984, 40) point out that the timetable of the contribution seems to explain the apparent exiguity of the sum of grain given by the Thessalians compared to the food requirement of Rome. In fact, assuming that Aphrios may correspond to the period March to May and Thyos to the period April to June, they suppose that 75% of the whole sum would arrive to Rome in the period just preceding the Italian harvests of June-July, namely the most critical period in the year (according to their estimate this amount represented from 10 to 30% of the available Thessalian surplus). In this way, according to the scholars, Quintus would distribute in each of two consecutive months 180,000 modii. The remaining part (123,750 modii; this last part was probably of new grain, namely from the new Thessalian harvest) would arrive in Rome after about July (i.e. after Phyllikos; on the Thessalian calendar, see Trümpy 1997, 216-229; see further Bennett 2005, 173), therefore after the Italian harvests. However, the number of people supplied before the harvests would be about 72,000, that is still a small number compared to a population of 250,000 people. Therefore, it seems inevitable to think, as Virlouvet does (cf. above), that other strategies had been put in place to feed the Roman population besides the request to the Thessalian koinon.
τὴν ἐσομένην δ[α]πάνην ... τοῦ καθ᾿ αὑτὴν πλήθου[ς]: The loading costs are borne by Thessalians. A similar case (although our source is not totally explicit) may be that of Massinissa who in 200 BC supplied Roman armies and was responsible for loading and shipping the reinforcement knights and the grain (cf. Liv. 31.19.4: ipse in naves imponendos (i.e. equites) curavit et cum ducentis milibus modium tritici, ducentis hordei in Macedoniam misit).
- Lines 39-43.
ἐπεὶ οὐχ ὑπάρχει πλοῖα τοῖς Θετταλοῖς: The Thessalians have to apologize for not having cargo ships as it was customary for the grain donors to be responsible for loading (above) and shipping it (cf. Liv. 33.42.8).
ἵνα ποιήσηται τὴν ἔγδοσιν: The term ἔκδοσις means here the farming out of a service by a (either public or private) customer to a private individual or company (cf. Polyb. 6.17.4; IG VII 303, l. 27). The resulting relationship between the parties was sanctioned by means of a contract. The contracts that the Roman State during the Republic usually pledged with ship-owners (through tenders chaired by magistrates) were called redempturae (Livy 23, 48, 5), whereas if a private citizen farmed out the service, the contract was a simple locatio-conductio one (on this topic, see Sirks 1991, 24-36). Therefore, if Quintus was already in charge, the contract he had to pledge was of the former type; if he was only aedilis designatus, he would farm out the shipping of grain as a private citizen, therefore pledging a locatio-conductio contract. While, as said above, when it was a matter of donations, the donor country usually shipped the grain to Rome, the recourse to public companies of ship owners by the State was the normal procedure when the grain was the tribute of a province (Varro Rust. 2, 1, 3; Columella Rust. I, praef. 20; see further Garnsey 1983, 121-126). If we assume that the average cargo of a ship in this age was tantamount to 10,000 modii (65 tons), to transport ca. 480,000 modii 48 ships would be needed (for the estimate, with references to the ancient sources and the earlier bibliography, see Virlouvet, Famine et émeutes, 95 n. 27).
τὰ δὲ ναῦλα ... ἐκ τῆς τοῦ σίτου τιμῆς: The κοινόν finds the compromise to pay the freightage (ναῦλα, lt. vecturae) with the proceeds from the sale of the grain, but only after the arrival of the Thessalian ambassadors in Rome. Hence we can infer that, although Thessaly was offering Rome its own grain, it would be paid. This is not surprising if we think that in 191 BC the Roman Senate said it would accept the grain offered by Massinissa only on the condition it could pay for it (Liv. 36.4.5). According to the estimate followed by Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone (1984, 43), the average Greek price of wheat in the second century BC was of around 48-47.6 g of silver per quintal (this figure approximately corresponds with that reported by Reger with regards to the average grain price in Hellenistic Greece and Western Asia and generally accepted by the scholars, namely 5-6 drachmae per medimnos, that is the same as 54.5-65.4 g of silver per quintal, see Reger 2007, 469; for the weight-standard of the Attic-Alexandrian drachma, see Head 1911, 366-367). So, it could be inferred that the total price of the Thessalian wheat would be more than 400,000 drachmae (403,125-483,750). Although it is practically impossible to calculate with accuracy the costs of transports in the Roman world (on the issue see Adams 2012, 220-225), thanks to the present text we can at least infer that the freightage costs would be tantamount to less than 400,000 drachmae, that is less than ca. 450,000 denarii (456,525-547,831, this assuming that in 129 BC the denarius had a weight of 3.85 g, cf. Crawford 1967, 613-614).
τοὺς ἀποσταλέντας πρεσβευτὰς εἰς Ῥώμην περὶ τούτων: Bresson (2008, II, 195) thinks that these Thessalian envoys would have had to take care of the grain sale in Rome. However, it must be said that, as far as we know about the public grain distributions before the lex frumentaria of Gaius Gracchus, it was the aediles (and not envoys of the donors) that managed it in Rome, fixing the price of the grain, whether they had played a role in looking for it (see Liv. 33.42.8) or not (see Liv. 31.4.6; on the public grain distributions before Gaius Gracchus, see Veyne 1976, 447-451; Garnsey, Rathbone 1985, 20-24). Therefore, in my opinion, the πρεσβευταί of the present decree had to go to Rome to cash in the price of the grain from the Roman State (alternatively from merchants that acted as mediators on behalf of the State, see Veyne 1976, 523 n. 330), namely the price of the external market. Afterwards, the State itself (by means of its aediles, very presumably in concert with the Senate) would sell the grain to the population, fixing a new price, the domestic market one.
- Lines 43-49.
The koinon proposes a second possibility: if Quintus is not able to send out ships, he can send the ship-owners and the Thessalians will take upon themselves the shipping costs. In my opinion, this rather unclear expression could be explained supposing that the private shipping company (or the individual ship-owners) required an advance payment and that here the eventuality that Quintus is unable to pay it is contemplated. This seems to be confirmed by the fact that, in this case, Petraios would raise funds from the Thessalian poleis before leaving Thessaly (l. 49). After all, the habit of paying a part of the freightage in advance is attested by some Greek contracts on papyrus (see Vélissaropoulos 1980, 282 n. 57). It is interesting that even in a building contract such a procedure is applied. In fact, we have an inscription of Puteoli (105 BC ca.) concerning the construction of a temple (ILLRP 518, ll. 53-6), in which it is determined that half the sum be paid by the city to the company when the chief of the contractors (presumably the manceps) gives guarantees (praedia) as security for his ability to fulfill the contract, the other half after the completion (for a broad treatise on the contracts between the Roman State and public companies, see Badian 1972, 67-81). For a different interpretation of this difficult passage, see Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984, 43; Gauthier 1987, no. 327; Bresson 2008, II, 195.
- Lines 49-56.
Judging by the inflexibility with which an eventual delay would be treated, we can infer that the situation of famine that Rome was living was rather serious. In fact, assuming that two staters and nine obols is equivalent to 16.5 g of silver and comparing this figure with the average grain price of 48-76 g of silver per quintal, it may be concluded that the fine would amount to 220 g of silver per quintal (Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984, 43), an exorbitant sum. Furthermore, it is likely that such an inflexibility depends on the fact that the ship owners would receive a penalty if they had had to wait for the grain in the harbors.
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Virlouvet, C. (1985), Famine et émeutes à Rome des origins de la République à la mort de Néron, Roma Author: Giacinto Falco Last update: March 2017 DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI039
Larissa. Aedile Quintus Caecilius Metellus and the Thessalian corn
...
... ἐπειδὴ
Κόϊντος Καικίλιος Κοΐντου Μέτελλος ἀγορανόμος Ῥωμαίων α-
νὴρ καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθὸς κ[αὶ] φίλος καὶ εὔνους ὑπάρχων τῶι ἔ-
θνει ἡμῶν ἐπελθὼν ἐπὶ [τὸ σ]υνέδριον ἀνενεώσατο τὰς γεγενη-
20μένας εὐεργεσία[ς τὰ]ς ὑπ[ὸ τ]ῶν προγόνων αὐτοῦ καὶ διελέγετο
παρακαλῶν, ἐπείπερ ἦν [ᾑ]ρημένος ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς ἀγορανομίας
ἀρχήν, τὰ δὲ κατὰ τὴν χ[ώρα]ν αὐτῶν κατὰ τὸν παρόντα καιρὸν ἐν
ἀφορίαι καθειστήκει, ὅπως δοθῇ σῖτος ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔθνους τῇ συνκλήτῳ
καὶ τῷ δήμωι, ὅσος ἂν ἦν ἐν π̣[ρ]ατῶι, ἐκρίθη τοῖς συνέδροις, μνημονεύον̣-
25[τ]ας τῶν γεγενημένων ε[ὐε]ργετημάτων εἰς τὸ ἔθνος ὑπὸ Κοΐν-
του καὶ τῶν προγόνων αὐτ[ο]ῦ καὶ τῆς συνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τ[οῦ]
Ῥωμαίων, ἐξαποστεῖλαι ε̣[ἰ]ς Ῥώμην ὥστε τῇ συνκλήτῳ καὶ τῶι δήμω̣[ι],
καθὼς Κόϊντος διελέγη, π̣[υ]ρῶν κοφίνων μυριάδας τεσσαράκοντα
τρεῖς καὶ τοῦ προγεγραμμέ[ν]ου πλήθους σίτου ποιήσασθαι διάταξιν ἐ̣-
30πὶ τὰς πόλεις Πετραῖον τὸν̣ [σ]τρατηγὸν μετὰ τῆς συναρχίας καὶ τ̣[ῶν]
συνέδρων· τὰς δὲ πόλεις ἑκ̣[ά]σ̣την τοῦ διαταγέντος σίτου ποιήσασθα[ι]
τὴν καταγωγὴν ἐπὶ λιμέν[α] τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ Δημητριείου ἢ ἐμ Φαλάροις ἢ ἐν
Δημητριάδι, τῶν μὲν τριάκ[ο]ντα δύο μυριάδων Πελασγιώτας μὲν καὶ
Φθιώτας ἐν τῶι μηνὶ τῶι Ἀφρίῳ, Ἱστιώτας δὲ καὶ Θεσσαλιώτας ἐν τῶι μη-
35νὶ τῶι Θυίῳ πρὸ τῆς εἰκάδος, τῶν <δὲ> δέκα μίας μυριάδων ἐν τῶι μην[ί]
τῶι Φυλλικῶι πρὸ τῆς πέντε καὶ δεκάτης ἐπὶ τῆς Πετραίου στρατη
γίας, καὶ τὴν ἐσομένην δ[α]πάνην ἐκ τοῦ ἐμβληθῆναι τὸν σῖτον
εἰς τὰ πλοῖα διδόναι τὰς πόλεις ἑκάστην τοῦ καθ᾿ αὑτὴν πλήθους·
περὶ δέ γε τῆς εἰς Ῥώμην διακομιδῆς τοῦ σίτου ἠξίωσαν Κόϊντον
40φροντίσαι ἵνα, ἐπεὶ οὐχ ὑπάρχει πλοῖα τοῖς Θεσσαλοῖς, ἵνα ποιήση-
ται τὴν ἔγδοσιν, ὣς ἂν αὐτῶι φαίνηται βέλτιστα, τὰ δὲ ναῦλα δι-
ορθώσασθαι τοὺς ἀποσταλέντας πρεσβευτὰς εἰς Ῥώμην
περὶ τούτων ἐκ τῆς τοῦ σίτου τιμῆς· ἐὰν δὲ μὴ δυνηθῇ Κοϊντος ἐκ-
πέμψαι τὰ πλοῖα, ἀποστείλῃ δὲ τοὺς ναυλωσομένους, φροντί-
45σαι Πετραῖον τὸν στρατηγὸν μετὰ τῶν συναποταγέντων ἵ-
να διακομισθῇ ὁ σῖτος εἰς Ῥώμην καὶ τοὺς συνεπιπλευσομένους
ἳνα συναποστείλῃ Πετραῖος καὶ τὴν εἰς ταῦτα δαπάνην καὶ ἐξα-
ποστολὴν ποιήσασθαι Πετραῖον τὸν στρατηγὸν μετὰ τῆς συναρ-
χίας γράψαντος Πετραίου διάταξιν ἐπὶ τὰς πόλεις· ἐὰν δέ τις
50μὴ ἀπαγάγῃ τὸν σῖτον ἐπὶ τοὺς λιμένας ἐν τοῖς ὡρισμένοις χρό-
νοις, ἀποτινέτω τοῦ κοφίνου ἑκάστου στατῆρας δύο καὶ ὀβολοὺς ἐν-
νέα, καὶ τῆς διατιμήσεως ταύτης ποιεῖσθαι τὴν πρᾶξιν Πετραῖον
τὸν στρατηγὸν καὶ τοὺς ὑπὸ τούτου ἀποταγέντας ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόν-
των τῇ τε πόλει καὶ τοῖς κατοικοῦσιν ἐν τῇ πόλει καθ᾿ ὃν ἂν τρόπον
55βούλωνται, ἀνυποδίκοις καὶ ἀζημίοις οὖσιν καθ᾿ ὃν ἂν τρόπον πράξ-
ωσιν. ...
...
... ἐπειδὴ
Κόϊντος Καικίλιος Κοΐντου Μέτελλος ἀγορανόμος Ῥωμαίων α-
νὴρ καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθὸς κ[αὶ] φίλος καὶ εὔνους ὑπάρχων τῶι ἔ-
θνει ἡμῶν ἐπελθὼν ἐπὶ [τὸ σ]υνέδριον ἀνενεώσατο τὰς γεγενη-
20μένας εὐεργεσία[ς τὰ]ς ὑπ[ὸ τ]ῶν προγόνων αὐτοῦ καὶ διελέγετο
παρακαλῶν, ἐπείπερ ἦν [ᾑ]ρημένος ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς ἀγορανομίας
ἀρχήν, τὰ δὲ κατὰ τὴν χ[ώρα]ν αὐτῶν κατὰ τὸν παρόντα καιρὸν ἐν
ἀφορίαι καθειστήκει, ὅπως δοθῇ σῖτος ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔθνους τῇ συνκλήτῳ
καὶ τῷ δήμωι, ὅσος ἂν ἦν ἐν π̣[ρ]ατῶι, ἐκρίθη τοῖς συνέδροις, μνημονεύον̣-
25[τ]ας τῶν γεγενημένων ε[ὐε]ργετημάτων εἰς τὸ ἔθνος ὑπὸ Κοΐν-
του καὶ τῶν προγόνων αὐτ[ο]ῦ καὶ τῆς συνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τ[οῦ]
Ῥωμαίων, ἐξαποστεῖλαι ε̣[ἰ]ς Ῥώμην ὥστε τῇ συνκλήτῳ καὶ τῶι δήμω̣[ι],
καθὼς Κόϊντος διελέγη, π̣[υ]ρῶν κοφίνων μυριάδας τεσσαράκοντα
τρεῖς καὶ τοῦ προγεγραμμέ[ν]ου πλήθους σίτου ποιήσασθαι διάταξιν ἐ̣-
30πὶ τὰς πόλεις Πετραῖον τὸν̣ [σ]τρατηγὸν μετὰ τῆς συναρχίας καὶ τ̣[ῶν]
συνέδρων· τὰς δὲ πόλεις ἑκ̣[ά]σ̣την τοῦ διαταγέντος σίτου ποιήσασθα[ι]
τὴν καταγωγὴν ἐπὶ λιμέν[α] τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ Δημητριείου ἢ ἐμ Φαλάροις ἢ ἐν
Δημητριάδι, τῶν μὲν τριάκ[ο]ντα δύο μυριάδων Πελασγιώτας μὲν καὶ
Φθιώτας ἐν τῶι μηνὶ τῶι Ἀφρίῳ, Ἱστιώτας δὲ καὶ Θεσσαλιώτας ἐν τῶι μη-
35νὶ τῶι Θυίῳ πρὸ τῆς εἰκάδος, τῶν <δὲ> δέκα μίας μυριάδων ἐν τῶι μην[ί]
τῶι Φυλλικῶι πρὸ τῆς πέντε καὶ δεκάτης ἐπὶ τῆς Πετραίου στρατη
γίας, καὶ τὴν ἐσομένην δ[α]πάνην ἐκ τοῦ ἐμβληθῆναι τὸν σῖτον
εἰς τὰ πλοῖα διδόναι τὰς πόλεις ἑκάστην τοῦ καθ᾿ αὑτὴν πλήθους·
περὶ δέ γε τῆς εἰς Ῥώμην διακομιδῆς τοῦ σίτου ἠξίωσαν Κόϊντον
40φροντίσαι ἵνα, ἐπεὶ οὐχ ὑπάρχει πλοῖα τοῖς Θεσσαλοῖς, ἵνα ποιήση-
ται τὴν ἔγδοσιν, ὣς ἂν αὐτῶι φαίνηται βέλτιστα, τὰ δὲ ναῦλα δι-
ορθώσασθαι τοὺς ἀποσταλέντας πρεσβευτὰς εἰς Ῥώμην
περὶ τούτων ἐκ τῆς τοῦ σίτου τιμῆς· ἐὰν δὲ μὴ δυνηθῇ Κοϊντος ἐκ-
πέμψαι τὰ πλοῖα, ἀποστείλῃ δὲ τοὺς ναυλωσομένους, φροντί-
45σαι Πετραῖον τὸν στρατηγὸν μετὰ τῶν συναποταγέντων ἵ-
να διακομισθῇ ὁ σῖτος εἰς Ῥώμην καὶ τοὺς συνεπιπλευσομένους
ἳνα συναποστείλῃ Πετραῖος καὶ τὴν εἰς ταῦτα δαπάνην καὶ ἐξα-
ποστολὴν ποιήσασθαι Πετραῖον τὸν στρατηγὸν μετὰ τῆς συναρ-
χίας γράψαντος Πετραίου διάταξιν ἐπὶ τὰς πόλεις· ἐὰν δέ τις
50μὴ ἀπαγάγῃ τὸν σῖτον ἐπὶ τοὺς λιμένας ἐν τοῖς ὡρισμένοις χρό-
νοις, ἀποτινέτω τοῦ κοφίνου ἑκάστου στατῆρας δύο καὶ ὀβολοὺς ἐν-
νέα, καὶ τῆς διατιμήσεως ταύτης ποιεῖσθαι τὴν πρᾶξιν Πετραῖον
τὸν στρατηγὸν καὶ τοὺς ὑπὸ τούτου ἀποταγέντας ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόν-
των τῇ τε πόλει καὶ τοῖς κατοικοῦσιν ἐν τῇ πόλει καθ᾿ ὃν ἂν τρόπον
55βούλωνται, ἀνυποδίκοις καὶ ἀζημίοις οὖσιν καθ᾿ ὃν ἂν τρόπον πράξ-
ωσιν. ...
...
Since Quintus Caecilius Metellus, son of Quintus, aedile of Rome, being a good and noble man, friend and favorably disposed towards our nation, has approached the synedrion and recalled the past merits of his ancestors and has spoken requesting, as he has been elected to hold the position of aedile and his region is plagued by infertility, that it be given by our nation as much grain as is salable to the senate and the people, the councillors, remembering the previous merits to the nation of Quintus and of his ancestors and of the senate and of the people of Rome, decided to send to Rome for the senate and the people 430,000 kophinoi of wheat, according to the speech of Quintus, and that the allocation among the cities of the prescribed quantity be made by the strategos Petraios with the other magistrates and the councillors; that each of the cities arrange the transport of its assigned quantity of grain down to the harbour, whether that of the Demetreion or at Phalera or at Demetrias; that the transport of 320,000 (kophinoi) of the abovementioned quantity be made by Pelasgiotai and Phthiotai in the month of Aphrios, and by the Hestaiotai and Thessaliotai in the month of Thyros before the 20th, and of 110,000 (kophinoi) in the month of Phyllikos before the 15th, during the strategia of Petraios; and that each of the cities pay the costs that arise from the loading of the wheat on the ships, as regards its own quantity.
As concerns the transport by ship of the wheat to Rome, (the councillors) decided that, since Thessalians have no ships, Quintus provide for contracting it out as seems best to him and that the freight-charges be settled by the envoys sent to Rome on this business out of the price of the grain.
(They decided that), if Quintus is not able to send out the ships, but sends out the charterers, Petraios the strategos with the other appointees be responsible for shipping the wheat to Rome and for Petraios sending it with the men who will be in charge of it; and that Petraios the strategos with the other magistrates pay the costs of these things and provide for the dispatch and that Petraios make the allocation among the cities.
If any city does not transport the grain down to the harbours within the specified times, it will be fined 2 staters and 9 obols per kophinos; and that the collection of this assessment from the possessions of the city and of the inhabitants of the city be made, in any way they want, by the strategos Petraios and those charged by him, who are to be immune from punishments or fines, whatever the method by which they have made the collection. Commentary:
The first and main problem which the inscription involves concerns its dating and the identification of the persons mentioned in the decree. Many scholars tried to solve these problems. Gallis (1984-1987, 211) thinks that the inscription has to be dated to around 150 BC and that the aedile sent to request the grain is identifiable as Q. Caecilius Metellus later called Macedonicus (on the foreign affairs that could have caused the food shortage in Rome around this year, see Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984, 39; on Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, see RE s.v. Caecilius, no. 94 = Van Ooteghem 1967, 51-78). Manganaro (1983) proposes instead to date the inscription to 104 BC (when the second slave revolt in Sicily broke out), identifying Quintus as Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos (RE s.v. Caecilius, no. 96 = Van Ooteghem 1967, 217-219). Finally, according to Canali De Rossi (1995, 147-159) the decree should date back to 57 BC (as in that year there was a terrible dearth that vexed Rome) and Quintus would be Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica (RE s.v. Caecilius, no. 99 = Van Ooteghem 1967, 178-216; however, on the date of his aedilitas the issue is open, see Shatzman 1968, 350-353; Badian 1970, 4-6), whereas Petraios, the Thessalian strategos, has to be identified as the otherwise known partisan of Caesar (on this figure, see Kramolisch 1978, 115-117).
First of all, it must be said that neither Gallis nor Manganaro bother to identify the strategos Petraios. Furthermore, the flaw shared by all the scholars mentioned above is that they do not take into account the totality of the decrees with which the stone is engraved. In fact, all three were inscribed by the same hand and must date back to the same year (for this structure made up of more contemporaneous decrees, see for example SEG 57 510, a stele from Larissa of the same period, edited and commented in Helly, Tziafalias 2007, 421-474). Garnsey, Rathbone (1985, 25), after having supported the dating proposed by Gallis (1984-1987, 37), distanced themselves from it starting their new proposal with a prosopographical analysis of the third decree. It concerns the bestowal of the honour of equestrian statues to Timasitheos and Diotimos, who were strategoi in the period 146-135 BC (Kramolisch 1978, 61-74). If we assume that this honour was bestowed upon them after the end of their strategia and consider that Petraios, the strategos of the present decree, fulfilled his charge in the period 129-125 BC (on this figure, see Kramolisch 1978, 75-77, and Helly 1987, 39-53), we can conclude that the decree dates back to around 129 BC. In this year, in fact, a confluence of events occurred that makes a grain request from Rome (see below, Comm. ad ll. 20-24, ἀφορίαι) plausible. In this case, Quintus Caecilius Metellus mentioned in the present decree has to be identified as the man later called Balearicus, consul in 123 and therefore aedile in 129 (RE s.v. Caecilius, no. 82 = Van Ooteghem 1967, 87-92). For these reasons I prefer to follow their proposal of dating.
The decree starts with a presentation of the person of Quintus Caecilius Metellus and the mention of the services of his ancestors to the Thessalians. In ll. 21-24 the request of wheat is made with the mention of the cause that led Rome to submit it, namely the famine. In ll. from 24 up to 31 the κοινόν concedes what is requested explaining the details. Then in (ll. 31-38), some instructions are provided about the issue of the grain transport by land and the loading of it onto the ships. Furthermore, the problem of the shipment of the grain to Rome is dealt with: two different solutions are envisaged. The first one is that Quintus send out the ships and the Thessalians pay the freightage afterwards (ll. 39-43); otherwise, Quintus is to send out ships and shippers and the Thessalians are to pay a part of the freightage in advance (ll. 43-49). In the last section of the decree (ll. 49-56), a punishment is established for eventual delays in the delivery of the wheat down to the harbors.
- Lines 16-20.
εὐεργεσίας: The benefits recalled by Quintus explain why he himself had been sent in Thessaly in search for grain. In fact, since the beginning of the second century BC the family of Metelli showed interest towards Thessaly, offering some services to it (for a detailed list, see Helly 1983, 356; Garnsey 1988, 187). We may say that it was as if the Metelli were patroni of the Thessalians, according to the custom, rather widespread up to the late Republic, for which a renowned roman family established a relationship of patronage with foreign communities (see Gruen 1984, 162-172).
συνέδριον: The council of the Thessalians, the legitimate representation of the koinon, was based in Larissa, as proved by Livy (36, 8, 2) and an inscription (IG IX 2 261, l. 12). For an overview on the Thessalian koinon in the Roman age, see Larsen 1968, 281-94.
- Lines 20-24.
ἦ[ν ᾑρ]ημένος ἐπὶ τὴν ἀγορανομίας ἀρχήν: Quintus, in submitting his request, besides indicating the contingent cause that had led Rome to send him in search for grain (namely the famine, ἀφορία), also makes reference to his own institutional role. In fact he had been sent there, as well as for the bonds of his family with Thessaly, even as aedile. This charge played a central role in the provisioning of Rome (cf. Livy 10.11.9; 10.13; 23.41.7; 30.26.5; 31.4.6; 38.35.5; Cic. Off. 2.17.58; see further RE s.v. Aedilis, cols. 455-456). However, as noted by Virlouvet (1985, 93 n. 21), the expression might indicate that Quintus had been only appointed as aedile and would take office afterwards. If this is the case, he had gone in search for grain on his own initiative to solve the problem of food supply in advance.
κατὰ τὴν χ[ώρα]ν: Here I prefer the restoration of Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone ( 1984), that seems to make more sense than κατὰ τὴν χ[ρεία]ν proposed by Gallis in the editio princeps (although afterwards he himself opted in favour of χ[ώρα]ν, see Gallis 1984-1987). In fact, the latter seems to make the phrase too profligate, as it is useless to say «their situation of need consisted of famine», whereas it is more plausible that there is a reference to the situation of dearth that the territory (χώρα, presumably either the Italic peninsula, one of the main grain sources for Rome, see Rickman 1980, 101-104; Garnsey 1988, 188-191, and Erdkamp 2013, 270, or merely the territory of Rome) was experiencing.
ἀφορίαι: If we follow the chronology proposed by Garnsey and Rathbone (1985), the term ἀφορία cannot indicate insufficient harvests, but simply a famine caused by some events that kept the potential sources from which Rome could obtain the grain engaged. In fact, in Asia, in 131-129 BC, there was the riot of Aristonikos, in Syria, in 129-128 BC, Antiochus VII undertook a campaign against Parthia and Egypt, in ca. 130-127 BC, was living through the dynastic struggle between Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and Cleopatra II (cf. Garnsey, Rathbone 1985, 25).
ἐν [πρ]ατῶι: Here there is not agreement among the scholars. Gallis restores with ἐν [πρ]ατῶι, whereas Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone prefer ἐν [δυν]άτωι, but, as Gauthier points out (BE 1987 262), both restorations seem unsatisfactory and it would be better to restore this point with something like a passive tense of a verb such as ἀγείρω or ἀναφέρω. However, the photos of the stone do not allow an understanding of how many letters could fill the gap. I prefer to follow the restoration of Gallis because it explains by now that the grain will be bought by Rome (as will be said below, l. 28).
- Lines 24-31.
ἐκρίθη τοῖς συνέδροις: The decision is made by the council, the only body that held decision-making power in the Thessalian league (and that explains why there is no need to mention other authorities, as for example in the decrees of the Magnesians, where besides the σύνεδροι we also find ἐκκλησία, cf. IG IX 2 1103, l. 34).
τῇ συγκλήτῳ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ: Although the grain was addressed to the plebs, the Senate had the task of establishing the modalities of distribution (cf. Liv. 2.34.7).
π[υ]ρῶν κοφίνων μυριάδας τεσσαράκοντα τρεῖς: 430,000 kophinoi of wheat are tantamount to 80,625 Attic medimnoi or 438,750 modii or 32,250 quintals (see Hultsch 1862, 542-544; 1864-1866, I, 206, 320; for the kophinos see IG VII 2712, l. 65). This figure may seem small if compared with the population of Rome at this time. In fact, if we assume that the population was of 250,000 people (cf. Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984, 40; however, on the complex issue of calculating ancient Roman demography, with many references to the earlier bibliography, see Scheidel 2001) in the middle of the second century and that the average individual food requirement was of 2.5 modii (16.65 kg) of grain per month for a total amount of 7,500,000 modii (about this issue, see Pomey, Tchernia 1983, 38; Foxhall, Forbes 1982, 41-90), we can conclude that the Thessalian grain could satisfy only a small percentage of it (6.5%). That could be explained supposing either that the request to the Thessalians was only one of the many devices to remedy the famine (Virlouvet 1985, 95-96) or that the timetable plays here a very important role (see below).
πετραῖον τὸν [σ]τρατηγὸν μετὰ τῆς συναρχίας: The strategos, the other magistrates (συναρχία) and the councillors had to establish the partition of the grain sum due among the cities. For the formula ὁ στρατηγὸς μετὰ τῆς συναρχίας, cf. IG IX 508, ll. 30-31: Φιλοκράτην τὸν [στρα]|τηγὸν καὶ τοὺς συνάρχοντας. The term συναρχία encompasses more charges, the most important of which are the ἰππάρχης, the γραμματεύς and the ταμίας (cf. IG IX 2 507, ll. 1-3), charges that obviously were subordinated to the strategos.
- Lines 31-38.
τὴν καταγωγήν ... Δημητριάδι: It is noteworthy that there is a choice of harbors and this in order to allow the cities to go to the most reachable one. However, it must be said that all the Thessalian harbors had been made more easily reachable thanks to the passages of the Othrys, whose control Rome had won by virtue of the good relations with the town of Narthakion (relations that Rome formed siding with it in a territorial dispute with Meliteia, see Syll.3 674). This town, for its strategic position, gave the Romans easy access to the harbors as well as to northern Thessaly (see Cantarelli 1999, 130-131). The grain was presumably transported to the harbors by wagons or caravans drawn by oxen, mules or donkeys (on the grain transport by land, see Rickman 1980, 120-121; on the transport by land in the ancient world, see Schneider 2007, 163-164). Although the text is not explicit, it is implied that the costs of transport were paid by the cities themselves. It is interesting to note that sometimes, even when the grain was sent to Rome as regular tribute and not extraordinarily, the Roman State was exempt from covering the costs of the transport of grain to the harbours. Noteworthy are the cases of Sicily, where the tithe-collectors were responsible for the grain transport by land (Cic. 2Verr. 3.14.36; on the topic see Carcopino 1965, 19-24) and (obviously under the empire) of Egypt, where it was directly the cultivators that covered such costs by means of a tax (see Rickman 1980, 121).
τῶν μὲν τριάκοντα ... ἐπὶ τῆς Πετραίου στρατηγίας: Pelasgiotis and Phthiotis, as nearest to the harbors (about 50 and 15 km respectively), are required to deliver their own sum earlier. Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone (1984, 40) point out that the timetable of the contribution seems to explain the apparent exiguity of the sum of grain given by the Thessalians compared to the food requirement of Rome. In fact, assuming that Aphrios may correspond to the period March to May and Thyos to the period April to June, they suppose that 75% of the whole sum would arrive to Rome in the period just preceding the Italian harvests of June-July, namely the most critical period in the year (according to their estimate this amount represented from 10 to 30% of the available Thessalian surplus). In this way, according to the scholars, Quintus would distribute in each of two consecutive months 180,000 modii. The remaining part (123,750 modii; this last part was probably of new grain, namely from the new Thessalian harvest) would arrive in Rome after about July (i.e. after Phyllikos; on the Thessalian calendar, see Trümpy 1997, 216-229; see further Bennett 2005, 173), therefore after the Italian harvests. However, the number of people supplied before the harvests would be about 72,000, that is still a small number compared to a population of 250,000 people. Therefore, it seems inevitable to think, as Virlouvet does (cf. above), that other strategies had been put in place to feed the Roman population besides the request to the Thessalian koinon.
τὴν ἐσομένην δ[α]πάνην ... τοῦ καθ᾿ αὑτὴν πλήθου[ς]: The loading costs are borne by Thessalians. A similar case (although our source is not totally explicit) may be that of Massinissa who in 200 BC supplied Roman armies and was responsible for loading and shipping the reinforcement knights and the grain (cf. Liv. 31.19.4: ipse in naves imponendos (i.e. equites) curavit et cum ducentis milibus modium tritici, ducentis hordei in Macedoniam misit).
- Lines 39-43.
ἐπεὶ οὐχ ὑπάρχει πλοῖα τοῖς Θετταλοῖς: The Thessalians have to apologize for not having cargo ships as it was customary for the grain donors to be responsible for loading (above) and shipping it (cf. Liv. 33.42.8).
ἵνα ποιήσηται τὴν ἔγδοσιν: The term ἔκδοσις means here the farming out of a service by a (either public or private) customer to a private individual or company (cf. Polyb. 6.17.4; IG VII 303, l. 27). The resulting relationship between the parties was sanctioned by means of a contract. The contracts that the Roman State during the Republic usually pledged with ship-owners (through tenders chaired by magistrates) were called redempturae (Livy 23, 48, 5), whereas if a private citizen farmed out the service, the contract was a simple locatio-conductio one (on this topic, see Sirks 1991, 24-36). Therefore, if Quintus was already in charge, the contract he had to pledge was of the former type; if he was only aedilis designatus, he would farm out the shipping of grain as a private citizen, therefore pledging a locatio-conductio contract. While, as said above, when it was a matter of donations, the donor country usually shipped the grain to Rome, the recourse to public companies of ship owners by the State was the normal procedure when the grain was the tribute of a province (Varro Rust. 2, 1, 3; Columella Rust. I, praef. 20; see further Garnsey 1983, 121-126). If we assume that the average cargo of a ship in this age was tantamount to 10,000 modii (65 tons), to transport ca. 480,000 modii 48 ships would be needed (for the estimate, with references to the ancient sources and the earlier bibliography, see Virlouvet, Famine et émeutes, 95 n. 27).
τὰ δὲ ναῦλα ... ἐκ τῆς τοῦ σίτου τιμῆς: The κοινόν finds the compromise to pay the freightage (ναῦλα, lt. vecturae) with the proceeds from the sale of the grain, but only after the arrival of the Thessalian ambassadors in Rome. Hence we can infer that, although Thessaly was offering Rome its own grain, it would be paid. This is not surprising if we think that in 191 BC the Roman Senate said it would accept the grain offered by Massinissa only on the condition it could pay for it (Liv. 36.4.5). According to the estimate followed by Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone (1984, 43), the average Greek price of wheat in the second century BC was of around 48-47.6 g of silver per quintal (this figure approximately corresponds with that reported by Reger with regards to the average grain price in Hellenistic Greece and Western Asia and generally accepted by the scholars, namely 5-6 drachmae per medimnos, that is the same as 54.5-65.4 g of silver per quintal, see Reger 2007, 469; for the weight-standard of the Attic-Alexandrian drachma, see Head 1911, 366-367). So, it could be inferred that the total price of the Thessalian wheat would be more than 400,000 drachmae (403,125-483,750). Although it is practically impossible to calculate with accuracy the costs of transports in the Roman world (on the issue see Adams 2012, 220-225), thanks to the present text we can at least infer that the freightage costs would be tantamount to less than 400,000 drachmae, that is less than ca. 450,000 denarii (456,525-547,831, this assuming that in 129 BC the denarius had a weight of 3.85 g, cf. Crawford 1967, 613-614).
τοὺς ἀποσταλέντας πρεσβευτὰς εἰς Ῥώμην περὶ τούτων: Bresson (2008, II, 195) thinks that these Thessalian envoys would have had to take care of the grain sale in Rome. However, it must be said that, as far as we know about the public grain distributions before the lex frumentaria of Gaius Gracchus, it was the aediles (and not envoys of the donors) that managed it in Rome, fixing the price of the grain, whether they had played a role in looking for it (see Liv. 33.42.8) or not (see Liv. 31.4.6; on the public grain distributions before Gaius Gracchus, see Veyne 1976, 447-451; Garnsey, Rathbone 1985, 20-24). Therefore, in my opinion, the πρεσβευταί of the present decree had to go to Rome to cash in the price of the grain from the Roman State (alternatively from merchants that acted as mediators on behalf of the State, see Veyne 1976, 523 n. 330), namely the price of the external market. Afterwards, the State itself (by means of its aediles, very presumably in concert with the Senate) would sell the grain to the population, fixing a new price, the domestic market one.
- Lines 43-49.
The koinon proposes a second possibility: if Quintus is not able to send out ships, he can send the ship-owners and the Thessalians will take upon themselves the shipping costs. In my opinion, this rather unclear expression could be explained supposing that the private shipping company (or the individual ship-owners) required an advance payment and that here the eventuality that Quintus is unable to pay it is contemplated. This seems to be confirmed by the fact that, in this case, Petraios would raise funds from the Thessalian poleis before leaving Thessaly (l. 49). After all, the habit of paying a part of the freightage in advance is attested by some Greek contracts on papyrus (see Vélissaropoulos 1980, 282 n. 57). It is interesting that even in a building contract such a procedure is applied. In fact, we have an inscription of Puteoli (105 BC ca.) concerning the construction of a temple (ILLRP 518, ll. 53-6), in which it is determined that half the sum be paid by the city to the company when the chief of the contractors (presumably the manceps) gives guarantees (praedia) as security for his ability to fulfill the contract, the other half after the completion (for a broad treatise on the contracts between the Roman State and public companies, see Badian 1972, 67-81). For a different interpretation of this difficult passage, see Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984, 43; Gauthier 1987, no. 327; Bresson 2008, II, 195.
- Lines 49-56.
Judging by the inflexibility with which an eventual delay would be treated, we can infer that the situation of famine that Rome was living was rather serious. In fact, assuming that two staters and nine obols is equivalent to 16.5 g of silver and comparing this figure with the average grain price of 48-76 g of silver per quintal, it may be concluded that the fine would amount to 220 g of silver per quintal (Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984, 43), an exorbitant sum. Furthermore, it is likely that such an inflexibility depends on the fact that the ship owners would receive a penalty if they had had to wait for the grain in the harbors.
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Virlouvet, C. (1985), Famine et émeutes à Rome des origins de la République à la mort de Néron, Roma Author: Giacinto Falco Last update: March 2017 DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI039
TM Number:
121794
Author: Giacinto Falco
Last Update: March 2017
DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI039
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reason="lost">ἰ</supplied>ς</w> <placeName ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0106"><name nymRef="Ῥώμη"><w lemma="Ῥώμη">Ῥώμην</w></name></placeName> <w lemma="ὥστε">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῇ</w> <w lemma="σύγκλητος">συνκλήτῳ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="δῆμος">δήμ<unclear>ω</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ι</supplied></w>, 161 <lb n="28"/><w lemma="καθώς">καθὼς</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0258"><name nymRef="Κόϊντος Καικίλιος Μέτελλος"><w lemma="Κόϊντος">Κόϊντος</w></name></persName> <w lemma="διαλέγω">διελέγη</w>, <rs type="economic"><w lemma="πυρός"><unclear>π</unclear><supplied reason="lost">υ</supplied>ρῶν</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="κόφινος">κοφίνων</w></rs> <w lemma="μυριάς">μυριάδας</w> <w lemma="τεσσαράκοντα">τεσσαράκοντα</w> 162 <lb n="29"/><w lemma="τρεῖς">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="προγράφω">προγεγραμμέ<supplied reason="lost">ν</supplied>ου</w> <w lemma="πλῆθος">πλήθους</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="σῖτος">σίτου</w></rs> <w lemma="ποιέω">ποιήσασθαι</w> <w lemma="διάταξις">διάταξιν</w> 163 <w lemma="ἐπί"><unclear>ἐ</unclear><lb n="30" break="no"/>πὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰς</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλεις</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0260"><name nymRef="Πετραῖος"><w lemma="Πετραῖος">Πετραῖον</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸ<unclear>ν</unclear></w> <w lemma="στρατηγός"><supplied reason="lost">σ</supplied>τρατηγὸν</w> <w lemma="μετά">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="συναρχία">συναρχίας</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ"><unclear>τ</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ῶν</supplied></w> 164 <lb n="31"/><w lemma="σύνεδρος">συνέδρων</w>· <w lemma="ὁ">τὰς</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="ἕκαστος">ἑ<unclear>κ</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ά</supplied><unclear>σ</unclear>την</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="διατάσσω">διαταγέντος</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="σῖτος">σίτου</w></rs> <w lemma="ποιέω">ποιήσασθα<supplied reason="lost">ι</supplied></w> 165 <lb n="32"/><w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="καταγωγή">καταγωγὴν</w></rs> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="λιμήν">λιμέν<supplied reason="lost">α</supplied></w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <placeName ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0107"><name nymRef="Δημετριεῖον"><w lemma="Δημετριεῖον">Δημητριείου</w></name></placeName> <w lemma="ἤ">ἢ</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐμ</w> <placeName ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0108"><name nymRef="Φάλαρα"><w lemma="Φάλαρα">Φαλάροις</w></name></placeName> <w lemma="ἤ">ἢ</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> 166 <lb n="33"/><placeName ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0109"><name nymRef="Δημετριάς"><w lemma="Δημετριάς">Δημητριάδι</w></name></placeName>, <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="μέν">μὲν</w> <w lemma="τριάκοντα">τριάκ<supplied reason="lost">ο</supplied>ντα</w> <w lemma="δύο">δύο</w> <w lemma="μυριάς">μυριάδων</w> <rs ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0110" type="ethnic"><w lemma="Πελασγιώτης">Πελασγιώτας</w></rs> <w lemma="μέν">μὲν</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> 167 <lb n="34"/><rs ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0111" type="ethnic"><w lemma="Φθιώτης">Φθιώτας</w></rs> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="μείς">μηνὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="Αφριος">Ἀφρίῳ</w>, <rs ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0112" type="ethnic"><w lemma="Ἑστιαιώτης">Ἱστιώτας</w></rs> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <rs ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0112" type="ethnic"><w lemma="Θεσσαλιώτης">Θεσσαλιώτας</w></rs> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> 168 <w lemma="μείς">μη<lb n="35" break="no"/>νὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="Θυῖος">Θυί<corr>ῳ</corr></w> <w lemma="πρό">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="εἰκάς">εἰκάδος</w>, <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="δέ"><supplied reason="omitted">δὲ</supplied></w> <w lemma="δέκα">δέκα</w> <w lemma="εἷς">μίας</w> <w lemma="μυριάς">μυριάδων</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="μείς">μην<supplied reason="lost">ί</supplied></w> 169 <lb n="36"/><w lemma="ὁ">τῶι</w> <w lemma="Φυλλικός">Φυλλικῶι</w> <w lemma="πρό">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="πέντε">πέντε</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="δέκατος">δεκάτης</w> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0260"><name nymRef="Πετραῖος"><w lemma="Πετραῖος">Πετραίου</w></name></persName> 170 <w lemma="στρατηγία">στρατη<lb n="37"/>γίας</w>, <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="εἰμί">ἐσομένην</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δαπάνη">δ<supplied reason="lost">α</supplied>πάνην</w></rs> <w lemma="ἐκ">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἐμβάλλω">ἐμβληθῆναι</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="σῖτος">σῖτον</w></rs> 171 <lb n="38"/><w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="πλοῖον">πλοῖα</w></rs> <w lemma="δίδωμι">διδόναι</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰς</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="ἕκαστος">ἑκάστην</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="κατά">καθ᾿</w> <w lemma="ὁ"><w lemma="αὐτός">αὑτὴν</w></w> <w lemma="πλῆθος">πλήθους</w>· 172 <lb n="39"/><w lemma="περί">περὶ</w> <w lemma="δέ">δέ</w> <w lemma="γε">γε</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> <placeName ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0106"><name nymRef="Ῥώμη"><w lemma="Ῥώμη">Ῥώμην</w></name></placeName> <w lemma="διακομιδή">διακομιδῆς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="σῖτος">σίτου</w></rs> <w lemma="ἀξιόω">ἠξίωσαν</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0258"><name nymRef="Κόϊντος Καικίλιος Μέτελλος"><w lemma="Κόϊντος">Κόϊντον</w></name></persName> 173 <lb n="40"/><w lemma="φροντίζω">φροντίσαι</w> <w lemma="ἵνα">ἵνα</w>, <w lemma="ἐπεί">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="οὐ">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="ὑπάρχω">ὑπάρχει</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="πλοῖον">πλοῖα</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <rs ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0114" type="ethnic"><w lemma="Θεσσαλός">Θεσσαλοῖς</w></rs>, <w lemma="ἵνα">ἵνα</w> 174 <w lemma="ποιέω">ποιήση<lb n="41" break="no"/>ται</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἔκδοσις">ἔγδοσιν</w></rs>, <w lemma="ὥς">ὣς</w> <w lemma="ἄν">ἂν</w> <w lemma="αὐτός">αὐτῶι</w> <w lemma="φαίνω">φαίνηται</w> <w lemma="βέλτιστος">βέλτιστα</w>, <w lemma="ὁ">τὰ</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ναῦλον">ναῦλα</w></rs> 175 <rs type="economic"><w lemma="διορθόω">δι<lb n="42" break="no"/>ορθώσασθαι</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ἀποστέλλω">ἀποσταλέντας</w> <w lemma="πρεσβευτής">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> <placeName ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0106"><name nymRef="Ῥώμη"><w lemma="Ῥώμη">Ῥώμην</w></name></placeName> 176 <lb n="43"/><w lemma="περί">περὶ</w> <w lemma="οὖτος">τούτων</w> <w lemma="ἐκ">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="σῖτος">σίτου</w></rs> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="τιμή">τιμῆς</w></rs>· <w lemma="ἐάν">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="μή">μὴ</w> <w lemma="δύναμαι">δυνηθῇ</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0258"><name nymRef="Κόϊντος Καικίλιος Μέτελλος"><w lemma="Κόϊντος">Κοϊντος</w></name></persName> 177 <w lemma="ἐκπέμπω">ἐκ<lb n="44" break="no"/>πέμψαι</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="πλοῖον">πλοῖα</w></rs>, <w lemma="ἀποστέλλω">ἀποστείλῃ</w> <w lemma="δέ">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὺς</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ναυλόω">ναυλωσομένους</w></rs>, 178 <w lemma="φροντίζω">φροντί<lb n="45" break="no"/>σαι</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0260"><name nymRef="Πετραῖος"><w lemma="Πετραῖος">Πετραῖον</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <w lemma="στρατηγός">στρατηγὸν</w> <w lemma="μετά">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> <w lemma="συναποτάσσω">συναποταγέντων</w> 179 <w lemma="ἵνα">ἵ<lb n="46" break="no"/>να</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="διακομίζω">διακομισθῇ</w></rs> <w lemma="ὁ">ὁ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="σῖτος">σῖτος</w></rs> <w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> <placeName ref="GEIListPlace/#plc0106"><name nymRef="Ῥώμη"><w lemma="Ῥώμη">Ῥώμην</w></name></placeName> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="συνεπιπλέω">συνεπιπλευσομένους</w> 180 <lb n="47"/><w lemma="ἵνα">ἳνα</w> <w lemma="συναποστέλλω">συναποστείλῃ</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0260"><name nymRef="Πετραῖος"><w lemma="Πετραῖος">Πετραῖος</w></name></persName> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="εἰς">εἰς</w> <w lemma="οὖτος">ταῦτα</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="δαπάνη">δαπάνην</w></rs> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> 181 <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ἐξαποστολή">ἐξα<lb n="48" break="no"/>ποστολὴν</w></rs> <w lemma="ποιέω">ποιήσασθαι</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0260"><name nymRef="Πετραῖος"><w lemma="Πετραῖος">Πετραῖον</w></name></persName> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <w lemma="στρατηγός">στρατηγὸν</w> <w lemma="μετά">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> 182 <w lemma="συναρχία">συναρ<lb n="49" break="no"/>χίας</w> <w lemma="γράφω">γράψαντος</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0260"><name nymRef="Πετραῖος"><w lemma="Πετραῖος">Πετραίου</w></name></persName> <w lemma="διάταξις">διάταξιν</w> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὰς</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλεις</w>· <w lemma="ἐάν">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="δέ">δέ</w> <w lemma="τις">τις</w> 183 <lb n="50"/><w lemma="μή">μὴ</w> <w lemma="ἀπάγω">ἀπαγάγῃ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="σῖτος">σῖτον</w></rs> <w lemma="ἐπί">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="λιμήν">λιμένας</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ὁρίζω">ὡρισμένοις</w> 184 <w lemma="χρόνος">χρό<lb n="51" break="no"/>νοις</w>, <w lemma="ἀποτίνω">ἀποτινέτω</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="κόφινος">κοφίνου</w> <w lemma="ἕκαστος">ἑκάστου</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="στατήρ">στατῆρας</w></rs> <w lemma="δύο">δύο</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="ὀβολός">ὀβολοὺς</w></rs> 185 <w lemma="ἐννέα">ἐν<lb n="52" break="no"/>νέα</w>, <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῆς</w> <rs type="economic"><w lemma="διατίμησις">διατιμήσεως</w></rs> <w lemma="οὖτος">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="ποιέω">ποιεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τὴν</w> <w lemma="πρᾶξις">πρᾶξιν</w> <persName type="private" ref="GEIListPers/#pvt0260"><name nymRef="Πετραῖος"><w lemma="Πετραῖος">Πετραῖον</w></name></persName> 186 <lb n="53"/><w lemma="ὁ">τὸν</w> <w lemma="στρατηγός">στρατηγὸν</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ὑπό">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="οὖτος">τούτου</w> <w lemma="ἀποτάσσω">ἀποταγέντας</w> <w lemma="ἐκ">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῶν</w> 187 <w lemma="ὑπάρχω">ὑπαρχόν<lb n="54" break="no"/>των</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῇ</w> <w lemma="τε">τε</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλει</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="κατοικέω">κατοικοῦσιν</w> <w lemma="ἐν">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ὁ">τῇ</w> <w lemma="πόλις">πόλει</w> <w lemma="κατά">καθ᾿</w> <w lemma="ὅς">ὃν</w> <w lemma="ἄν">ἂν</w> <w lemma="τρόπος">τρόπον</w> 188 <lb n="55"/><w lemma="βούλομαι">βούλωνται</w>, <w lemma="ἀνυπόδικος">ἀνυποδίκοις</w> <w lemma="καί">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ἀζήμιος">ἀζημίοις</w> <w lemma="εἰμί">οὖσιν</w> <w lemma="κατά">καθ᾿</w> <w lemma="ὅς">ὃν</w> <w lemma="ἄν">ἂν</w> <w lemma="τρόπος">τρ<corr>ό</corr>πον</w> 189 <w lemma="πράσσω">πράξ<lb n="56" break="no"/>ωσιν</w>. <gap reason="ellipsis" unit="character" extent="unknown"/> 190 <lb/><gap reason="ellipsis" unit="line" quantity="9"/> 191 </ab> 192 </div> 193 194 <div type="apparatus" xml:lang="la"> 195 <head>Apparatus criticus</head> 196 <p> 197 l. 22: <foreign xml:lang="grc">χ<supplied reason="lost">ώρα</supplied>ν</foreign> Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone : <foreign xml:lang="grc">χ<supplied reason="lost">ρεία</supplied>ν</foreign> Gallis (ed. pr.). 198 l. 24: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐν πρ<supplied reason="lost">α</supplied>τῶι</foreign> Gallis : <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐν <supplied reason="lost">δυν</supplied>άτωι</foreign> Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone. 199 l. 37: <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐκ</foreign> Gallis, sed Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἕως</foreign> legunt. 200 </p> 201 </div> 202 203 <div type="translation" xml:lang="en" xml:space="preserve"> 204 <head>Translation</head> 205 <lb/><p>Since Quintus Caecilius Metellus, son of Quintus, aedile of Rome, being a good and noble man, friend and favorably disposed towards our nation, has approached the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">synedrion</foreign> and recalled the past merits of his ancestors and has spoken requesting, as he has been elected to hold the position of aedile and his region is plagued by infertility, that it be given by our nation as much grain as is salable to the senate and the people, the councillors, remembering the previous merits to the nation of Quintus and of his ancestors and of the senate and of the people of Rome, decided to send to Rome for the senate and the people 430,000 <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">kophinoi</foreign> of wheat, according to the speech of Quintus, and that the allocation among the cities of the prescribed quantity be made by the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategos</foreign> Petraios with the other magistrates and the councillors; that each of the cities arrange the transport of its assigned quantity of grain down to the harbour, whether that of the Demetreion or at Phalera or at Demetrias; that the transport of 320,000 <supplied reason="subaudible"><foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">kophinoi</foreign></supplied> of the abovementioned quantity be made by Pelasgiotai and Phthiotai in the month of Aphrios, and by the Hestaiotai and Thessaliotai in the month of Thyros before the 20th, and of 110,000 <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn"><supplied reason="subaudible">kophinoi</supplied></foreign> in the month of Phyllikos before the 15th, during the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategia</foreign> of Petraios; and that each of the cities pay the costs that arise from the loading of the wheat on the ships, as regards its own quantity.</p> 206 <lb/><p>As concerns the transport by ship of the wheat to Rome, <supplied reason="subaudible">the councillors</supplied> decided that, since Thessalians have no ships, Quintus provide for contracting it out as seems best to him and that the freight-charges be settled by the envoys sent to Rome on this business out of the price of the grain.</p> 207 <lb/><p><supplied reason="subaudible">They decided that</supplied>, if Quintus is not able to send out the ships, but sends out the charterers, Petraios the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategos</foreign> with the other appointees be responsible for shipping the wheat to Rome and for Petraios sending it with the men who will be in charge of it; and that Petraios the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategos</foreign> with the other magistrates pay the costs of these things and provide for the dispatch and that Petraios make the allocation among the cities.</p> 208 <lb/><p>If any city does not transport the grain down to the harbours within the specified times, it will be fined 2 staters and 9 obols per <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">kophinos</foreign>; and that the collection of this assessment from the possessions of the city and of the inhabitants of the city be made, in any way they want, by the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategos</foreign> Petraios and those charged by him, who are to be immune from punishments or fines, whatever the method by which they have made the collection.</p> 209 </div> 210 211 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en" xml:space="preserve"> 212 <head>Commentary</head> 213 <lb/><p>The first and main problem which the inscription involves concerns its dating and the identification of the persons mentioned in the decree. Many scholars tried to solve these problems. <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2200">Gallis (1984-1987</ref>, 211</bibl>) thinks that the inscription has to be dated to around 150 BC and that the aedile sent to request the grain is identifiable as Q. Caecilius Metellus later called Macedonicus (on the foreign affairs that could have caused the food shortage in Rome around this year, see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2195">Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984</ref>, 39</bibl>; on Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, see <bibl><title level="m">RE</title> s.v. <title level="a">Caecilius</title>, no. 94</bibl> = <bibl>Van Ooteghem 1967, 51-78</bibl>). <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2201">Manganaro (1983</ref></bibl>) proposes instead to date the inscription to 104 BC (when the second slave revolt in Sicily broke out), identifying Quintus as Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos (<bibl><title level="m">RE</title> s.v. <title level="a">Caecilius</title>, no. 96</bibl> = <bibl>Van Ooteghem 1967, 217-219</bibl>). Finally, according to <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2198">Canali De Rossi (1995</ref>, 147-159</bibl>) the decree should date back to 57 BC (as in that year there was a terrible dearth that vexed Rome) and Quintus would be Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica (<bibl><title level="m">RE</title> s.v. <title level="a">Caecilius</title>, no. 99</bibl> = <bibl>Van Ooteghem 1967, 178-216</bibl>; however, on the date of his <foreign xml:lang="la">aedilitas</foreign> the issue is open, see <bibl>Shatzman 1968, 350-353</bibl>; <bibl>Badian 1970, 4-6</bibl>), whereas Petraios, the Thessalian <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategos</foreign>, has to be identified as the otherwise known partisan of Caesar (on this figure, see <bibl>Kramolisch 1978, 115-117</bibl>).</p> 214 <lb/><p>First of all, it must be said that neither Gallis nor Manganaro bother to identify the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategos</foreign> Petraios. Furthermore, the flaw shared by all the scholars mentioned above is that they do not take into account the totality of the decrees with which the stone is engraved. In fact, all three were inscribed by the same hand and must date back to the same year (for this structure made up of more contemporaneous decrees, see for example <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0041"><title level="j">SEG</title></ref> 57 510</bibl>, a stele from Larissa of the same period, edited and commented in <bibl>Helly, Tziafalias 2007, 421-474</bibl>). <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2202">Garnsey, Rathbone (1985</ref>, 25</bibl>), after having supported the dating proposed by <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2200">Gallis (1984-1987</ref>, 37</bibl>), distanced themselves from it starting their new proposal with a prosopographical analysis of the third decree. It concerns the bestowal of the honour of equestrian statues to Timasitheos and Diotimos, who were <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategoi</foreign> in the period 146-135 BC (<bibl>Kramolisch 1978, 61-74</bibl>). If we assume that this honour was bestowed upon them after the end of their <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategia</foreign> and consider that Petraios, the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategos</foreign> of the present decree, fulfilled his charge in the period 129-125 BC (on this figure, see <bibl>Kramolisch 1978, 75-77</bibl>, and <bibl>Helly 1987, 39-53</bibl>), we can conclude that the decree dates back to around 129 BC. In this year, in fact, a confluence of events occurred that makes a grain request from Rome (see below, Comm. <foreign xml:lang="la">ad</foreign> ll. 20-24, <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀφορίαι</foreign>) plausible. In this case, Quintus Caecilius Metellus mentioned in the present decree has to be identified as the man later called Balearicus, consul in 123 and therefore aedile in 129 (<bibl><title level="m">RE</title> s.v. <title level="a">Caecilius</title>, no. 82</bibl> = <bibl>Van Ooteghem 1967, 87-92</bibl>). For these reasons I prefer to follow their proposal of dating.</p> 215 <lb/><p>The decree starts with a presentation of the person of Quintus Caecilius Metellus and the mention of the services of his ancestors to the Thessalians. In ll. 21-24 the request of wheat is made with the mention of the cause that led Rome to submit it, namely the famine. In ll. from 24 up to 31 the <foreign xml:lang="grc">κοινόν</foreign> concedes what is requested explaining the details. Then in (ll. 31-38), some instructions are provided about the issue of the grain transport by land and the loading of it onto the ships. Furthermore, the problem of the shipment of the grain to Rome is dealt with: two different solutions are envisaged. The first one is that Quintus send out the ships and the Thessalians pay the freightage afterwards (ll. 39-43); otherwise, Quintus is to send out ships and shippers and the Thessalians are to pay a part of the freightage in advance (ll. 43-49). In the last section of the decree (ll. 49-56), a punishment is established for eventual delays in the delivery of the wheat down to the harbors.</p> 216 <lb/><p> - Lines 16-20.</p> 217 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">εὐεργεσίας</foreign>: The benefits recalled by Quintus explain why he himself had been sent in Thessaly in search for grain. In fact, since the beginning of the second century BC the family of Metelli showed interest towards Thessaly, offering some services to it (for a detailed list, see <bibl>Helly 1983, 356</bibl>; <bibl>Garnsey 1988, 187</bibl>). We may say that it was as if the Metelli were <foreign xml:lang="la">patroni</foreign> of the Thessalians, according to the custom, rather widespread up to the late Republic, for which a renowned roman family established a relationship of patronage with foreign communities (see <bibl>Gruen 1984, 162-172</bibl>).</p> 218 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">συνέδριον</foreign>: The council of the Thessalians, the legitimate representation of the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">koinon</foreign>, was based in Larissa, as proved by <bibl>Livy (36, 8, 2)</bibl> and an inscription (<bibl><title level="m">IG</title> IX 2 261, l. 12</bibl>). For an overview on the Thessalian <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">koinon</foreign> in the Roman age, see <bibl>Larsen 1968, 281-94</bibl>.</p> 219 <lb/><p> - Lines 20-24.</p> 220 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἦ<supplied reason="lost">ν ᾑρ</supplied>ημένος ἐπὶ τὴν ἀγορανομίας ἀρχήν</foreign>: Quintus, in submitting his request, besides indicating the contingent cause that had led Rome to send him in search for grain (namely the famine, <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀφορία</foreign>), also makes reference to his own institutional role. In fact he had been sent there, as well as for the bonds of his family with Thessaly, even as aedile. This charge played a central role in the provisioning of Rome (cf. <bibl>Livy 10.11.9; 10.13; 23.41.7; 30.26.5; 31.4.6; 38.35.5</bibl>; <bibl>Cic. <title level="m">Off.</title> 2.17.58</bibl>; see further <bibl><title level="m">RE</title> s.v. <title level="a">Aedilis</title>, cols. 455-456</bibl>). However, as noted by <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2203">Virlouvet (1985</ref>, 93 n. 21</bibl>), the expression might indicate that Quintus had been only appointed as aedile and would take office afterwards. If this is the case, he had gone in search for grain on his own initiative to solve the problem of food supply in advance.</p> 221 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">κατὰ τὴν χ<supplied reason="lost">ώρα</supplied>ν</foreign>: Here I prefer the restoration of <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2195">Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone ( 1984</ref></bibl>), that seems to make more sense than <foreign xml:lang="grc">κατὰ τὴν χ<supplied reason="lost">ρεία</supplied>ν</foreign> proposed by Gallis in the <foreign xml:lang="la">editio princeps</foreign> (although afterwards he himself opted in favour of <foreign xml:lang="grc">χ<supplied reason="lost">ώρα</supplied>ν</foreign>, see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2200">Gallis 1984-1987</ref></bibl>). In fact, the latter seems to make the phrase too profligate, as it is useless to say «their situation of need consisted of famine», whereas it is more plausible that there is a reference to the situation of dearth that the territory (<foreign xml:lang="grc">χώρα</foreign>, presumably either the Italic peninsula, one of the main grain sources for Rome, see <bibl>Rickman 1980, 101-104</bibl>; <bibl>Garnsey 1988, 188-191</bibl>, and <bibl>Erdkamp 2013, 270</bibl>, or merely the territory of Rome) was experiencing.</p> 222 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀφορίαι</foreign>: If we follow the chronology proposed by <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2202">Garnsey and Rathbone (1985</ref></bibl>), the term <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀφορία</foreign> cannot indicate insufficient harvests, but simply a famine caused by some events that kept the potential sources from which Rome could obtain the grain engaged. In fact, in Asia, in 131-129 BC, there was the riot of Aristonikos, in Syria, in 129-128 BC, Antiochus VII undertook a campaign against Parthia and Egypt, in ca. 130-127 BC, was living through the dynastic struggle between Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and Cleopatra II (cf. <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2202">Garnsey, Rathbone 1985</ref>, 25</bibl>).</p> 223 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐν <supplied reason="lost">πρ</supplied>ατῶι</foreign>: Here there is not agreement among the scholars. Gallis restores with <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐν <supplied reason="lost">πρ</supplied>ατῶι</foreign>, whereas Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone prefer <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐν <supplied reason="lost">δυν</supplied>άτωι</foreign>, but, as Gauthier points out (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1999"><title level="j">BE</title></ref> 1987 262</bibl>), both restorations seem unsatisfactory and it would be better to restore this point with something like a passive tense of a verb such as <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀγείρω</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀναφέρω</foreign>. However, the photos of the stone do not allow an understanding of how many letters could fill the gap. I prefer to follow the restoration of Gallis because it explains by now that the grain will be bought by Rome (as will be said below, l. 28).</p> 224 <lb/><p> - Lines 24-31.</p> 225 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐκρίθη τοῖς συνέδροις</foreign>: The decision is made by the council, the only body that held decision-making power in the Thessalian league (and that explains why there is no need to mention other authorities, as for example in the decrees of the Magnesians, where besides the <foreign xml:lang="grc">σύνεδροι</foreign> we also find <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐκκλησία</foreign>, cf. <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> IX 2 1103, l. 34</bibl>).</p> 226 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">τῇ συγκλήτῳ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ</foreign>: Although the grain was addressed to the plebs, the Senate had the task of establishing the modalities of distribution (cf. <bibl>Liv. 2.34.7</bibl>).</p> 227 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">π<supplied reason="lost">υ</supplied>ρῶν κοφίνων μυριάδας τεσσαράκοντα τρεῖς</foreign>: 430,000 <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">kophinoi</foreign> of wheat are tantamount to 80,625 Attic <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">medimnoi</foreign> or 438,750 <foreign xml:lang="la">modii</foreign> or 32,250 quintals (see <bibl>Hultsch 1862, 542-544; 1864-1866, I, 206, 320</bibl>; for the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">kophinos</foreign> see <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> VII 2712, l. 65</bibl>). This figure may seem small if compared with the population of Rome at this time. In fact, if we assume that the population was of 250,000 people (cf. <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2195">Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984</ref>, 40</bibl>; however, on the complex issue of calculating ancient Roman demography, with many references to the earlier bibliography, see <bibl>Scheidel 2001</bibl>) in the middle of the second century and that the average individual food requirement was of 2.5 <foreign xml:lang="la">modii</foreign> (16.65 kg) of grain per month for a total amount of 7,500,000 <foreign xml:lang="la">modii</foreign> (about this issue, see <bibl>Pomey, Tchernia 1983, 38</bibl>; <bibl>Foxhall, Forbes 1982, 41-90</bibl>), we can conclude that the Thessalian grain could satisfy only a small percentage of it (6.5%). That could be explained supposing either that the request to the Thessalians was only one of the many devices to remedy the famine (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2203">Virlouvet 1985</ref>, 95-96</bibl>) or that the timetable plays here a very important role (see below).</p> 228 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">πετραῖον τὸν <supplied reason="lost">σ</supplied>τρατηγὸν μετὰ τῆς συναρχίας</foreign>: The <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategos</foreign>, the other magistrates (<foreign xml:lang="grc">συναρχία</foreign>) and the councillors had to establish the partition of the grain sum due among the cities. For the formula <foreign xml:lang="grc">ὁ στρατηγὸς μετὰ τῆς συναρχίας</foreign>, cf. <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> IX 508, ll. 30-31</bibl>: <foreign xml:lang="grc">Φιλοκράτην τὸν <supplied reason="lost">στρα</supplied>|τηγὸν καὶ τοὺς συνάρχοντας</foreign>. The term <foreign xml:lang="grc">συναρχία</foreign> encompasses more charges, the most important of which are the <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἰππάρχης</foreign>, the <foreign xml:lang="grc">γραμματεύς</foreign> and the <foreign xml:lang="grc">ταμίας</foreign> (cf. <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> IX 2 507, ll. 1-3</bibl>), charges that obviously were subordinated to the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">strategos</foreign>.</p> 229 <lb/><p> - Lines 31-38.</p> 230 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">τὴν καταγωγήν <gap reason="ellipsis" unit="character" extent="unknown"/> Δημητριάδι</foreign>: It is noteworthy that there is a choice of harbors and this in order to allow the cities to go to the most reachable one. However, it must be said that all the Thessalian harbors had been made more easily reachable thanks to the passages of the Othrys, whose control Rome had won by virtue of the good relations with the town of Narthakion (relations that Rome formed siding with it in a territorial dispute with Meliteia, see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl0014"><title level="m">Syll.</title></ref><edition>3</edition> 674</bibl>). This town, for its strategic position, gave the Romans easy access to the harbors as well as to northern Thessaly (see <bibl>Cantarelli 1999, 130-131</bibl>). The grain was presumably transported to the harbors by wagons or caravans drawn by oxen, mules or donkeys (on the grain transport by land, see <bibl>Rickman 1980, 120-121</bibl>; on the transport by land in the ancient world, see <bibl>Schneider 2007, 163-164</bibl>). Although the text is not explicit, it is implied that the costs of transport were paid by the cities themselves. It is interesting to note that sometimes, even when the grain was sent to Rome as regular tribute and not extraordinarily, the Roman State was exempt from covering the costs of the transport of grain to the harbours. Noteworthy are the cases of Sicily, where the tithe-collectors were responsible for the grain transport by land (<bibl>Cic. <title level="m">2Verr.</title> 3.14.36</bibl>; on the topic see <bibl>Carcopino 1965, 19-24</bibl>) and (obviously under the empire) of Egypt, where it was directly the cultivators that covered such costs by means of a tax (see <bibl>Rickman 1980, 121</bibl>).</p> 231 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">τῶν μὲν τριάκοντα <gap reason="ellipsis" unit="character" extent="unknown"/> ἐπὶ τῆς Πετραίου στρατηγίας</foreign>: Pelasgiotis and Phthiotis, as nearest to the harbors (about 50 and 15 km respectively), are required to deliver their own sum earlier. <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2195">Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone (1984</ref>, 40</bibl>) point out that the timetable of the contribution seems to explain the apparent exiguity of the sum of grain given by the Thessalians compared to the food requirement of Rome. In fact, assuming that Aphrios may correspond to the period March to May and Thyos to the period April to June, they suppose that 75% of the whole sum would arrive to Rome in the period just preceding the Italian harvests of June-July, namely the most critical period in the year (according to their estimate this amount represented from 10 to 30% of the available Thessalian surplus). In this way, according to the scholars, Quintus would distribute in each of two consecutive months 180,000 <foreign xml:lang="la">modii</foreign>. The remaining part (123,750 <foreign xml:lang="la">modii</foreign>; this last part was probably of new grain, namely from the new Thessalian harvest) would arrive in Rome after about July (i.e. after Phyllikos; on the Thessalian calendar, see <bibl>Trümpy 1997, 216-229</bibl>; see further <bibl>Bennett 2005, 173</bibl>), therefore after the Italian harvests. However, the number of people supplied before the harvests would be about 72,000, that is still a small number compared to a population of 250,000 people. Therefore, it seems inevitable to think, as Virlouvet does (cf. above), that other strategies had been put in place to feed the Roman population besides the request to the Thessalian <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">koinon</foreign>.</p> 232 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">τὴν ἐσομένην δ<supplied reason="lost">α</supplied>πάνην <gap reason="ellipsis" unit="character" extent="unknown"/> τοῦ καθ᾿ αὑτὴν πλήθου<supplied reason="lost">ς</supplied></foreign>: The loading costs are borne by Thessalians. A similar case (although our source is not totally explicit) may be that of Massinissa who in 200 BC supplied Roman armies and was responsible for loading and shipping the reinforcement knights and the grain (cf. <bibl>Liv. 31.19.4</bibl>: <foreign xml:lang="la">ipse in naves imponendos <supplied reason="explanation">equites</supplied> curavit et cum ducentis milibus modium tritici, ducentis hordei in Macedoniam misit</foreign>).</p> 233 <lb/><p> - Lines 39-43.</p> 234 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐπεὶ οὐχ ὑπάρχει πλοῖα τοῖς Θετταλοῖς</foreign>: The Thessalians have to apologize for not having cargo ships as it was customary for the grain donors to be responsible for loading (above) and shipping it (cf. <bibl>Liv. 33.42.8</bibl>).</p> 235 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">ἵνα ποιήσηται τὴν ἔγδοσιν</foreign>: The term <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἔκδοσις</foreign> means here the farming out of a service by a (either public or private) customer to a private individual or company (cf. <bibl>Polyb. 6.17.4</bibl>; <bibl><title level="m">IG</title> VII 303, l. 27</bibl>). The resulting relationship between the parties was sanctioned by means of a contract. The contracts that the Roman State during the Republic usually pledged with ship-owners (through tenders chaired by magistrates) were called <foreign xml:lang="la">redempturae</foreign> (<bibl>Livy 23, 48, 5</bibl>), whereas if a private citizen farmed out the service, the contract was a simple <foreign xml:lang="la">locatio-conductio</foreign> one (on this topic, see <bibl>Sirks 1991, 24-36</bibl>). Therefore, if Quintus was already in charge, the contract he had to pledge was of the former type; if he was only <foreign xml:lang="la">aedilis designatus</foreign>, he would farm out the shipping of grain as a private citizen, therefore pledging a <foreign xml:lang="la">locatio-conductio</foreign> contract. While, as said above, when it was a matter of donations, the donor country usually shipped the grain to Rome, the recourse to public companies of ship owners by the State was the normal procedure when the grain was the tribute of a province (<bibl>Varro <title level="m">Rust.</title> 2, 1, 3</bibl>; <bibl>Columella <title level="m">Rust.</title> I, praef. 20</bibl>; see further <bibl>Garnsey 1983, 121-126</bibl>). If we assume that the average cargo of a ship in this age was tantamount to 10,000 <foreign xml:lang="la">modii</foreign> (65 tons), to transport ca. 480,000 modii 48 ships would be needed (for the estimate, with references to the ancient sources and the earlier bibliography, see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2203">Virlouvet, <title level="m">Famine et émeutes</title></ref>, 95 n. 27</bibl>).</p> 236 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">τὰ δὲ ναῦλα <gap reason="ellipsis" unit="character" extent="unknown"/> ἐκ τῆς τοῦ σίτου τιμῆς</foreign>: The <foreign xml:lang="grc">κοινόν</foreign> finds the compromise to pay the freightage (<foreign xml:lang="grc">ναῦλα</foreign>, lt. <foreign xml:lang="grc">vecturae</foreign>) with the proceeds from the sale of the grain, but only after the arrival of the Thessalian ambassadors in Rome. Hence we can infer that, although Thessaly was offering Rome its own grain, it would be paid. This is not surprising if we think that in 191 BC the Roman Senate said it would accept the grain offered by Massinissa only on the condition it could pay for it (<bibl>Liv. 36.4.5</bibl>). According to the estimate followed by <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2195">Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone (1984</ref>, 43)</bibl>, the average Greek price of wheat in the second century BC was of around 48-47.6 g of silver per quintal (this figure approximately corresponds with that reported by Reger with regards to the average grain price in Hellenistic Greece and Western Asia and generally accepted by the scholars, namely 5-6 drachmae per <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">medimnos</foreign>, that is the same as 54.5-65.4 g of silver per quintal, see <bibl>Reger 2007, 469</bibl>; for the weight-standard of the Attic-Alexandrian drachma, see <bibl>Head 1911, 366-367</bibl>). So, it could be inferred that the total price of the Thessalian wheat would be more than 400,000 drachmae (403,125-483,750). Although it is practically impossible to calculate with accuracy the costs of transports in the Roman world (on the issue see <bibl>Adams 2012, 220-225</bibl>), thanks to the present text we can at least infer that the freightage costs would be tantamount to less than 400,000 drachmae, that is less than ca. 450,000 <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">denarii</foreign> (456,525-547,831, this assuming that in 129 BC the <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">denarius</foreign> had a weight of 3.85 g, cf. <bibl>Crawford 1967, 613-614</bibl>).</p> 237 <lb/><p><foreign xml:lang="grc">τοὺς ἀποσταλέντας πρεσβευτὰς εἰς Ῥώμην περὶ τούτων</foreign>: <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1990">Bresson (2008, II</ref>, 195</bibl>) thinks that these Thessalian envoys would have had to take care of the grain sale in Rome. However, it must be said that, as far as we know about the public grain distributions before the <foreign xml:lang="la">lex frumentaria</foreign> of Gaius Gracchus, it was the <foreign xml:lang="la">aediles</foreign> (and not envoys of the donors) that managed it in Rome, fixing the price of the grain, whether they had played a role in looking for it (see <bibl>Liv. 33.42.8</bibl>) or not (see <bibl>Liv. 31.4.6</bibl>; on the public grain distributions before Gaius Gracchus, see <bibl>Veyne 1976, 447-451</bibl>; <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2202">Garnsey, Rathbone 1985</ref>, 20-24</bibl>). Therefore, in my opinion, the <foreign xml:lang="grc">πρεσβευταί</foreign> of the present decree had to go to Rome to cash in the price of the grain from the Roman State (alternatively from merchants that acted as mediators on behalf of the State, see <bibl>Veyne 1976, 523 n. 330</bibl>), namely the price of the external market. Afterwards, the State itself (by means of its <foreign xml:lang="la">aediles</foreign>, very presumably in concert with the Senate) would sell the grain to the population, fixing a new price, the domestic market one.</p> 238 <lb/><p> - Lines 43-49.</p> 239 <lb/><p>The <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">koinon</foreign> proposes a second possibility: if Quintus is not able to send out ships, he can send the ship-owners and the Thessalians will take upon themselves the shipping costs. In my opinion, this rather unclear expression could be explained supposing that the private shipping company (or the individual ship-owners) required an advance payment and that here the eventuality that Quintus is unable to pay it is contemplated. This seems to be confirmed by the fact that, in this case, Petraios would raise funds from the Thessalian <foreign xml:lang="grc-Latn">poleis</foreign> before leaving Thessaly (l. 49). After all, the habit of paying a part of the freightage in advance is attested by some Greek contracts on papyrus (see <bibl>Vélissaropoulos 1980, 282 n. 57</bibl>). It is interesting that even in a building contract such a procedure is applied. In fact, we have an inscription of Puteoli (105 BC ca.) concerning the construction of a temple (<bibl><title level="m">ILLRP</title> 518, ll. 53-6</bibl>), in which it is determined that half the sum be paid by the city to the company when the chief of the contractors (presumably the <foreign xml:lang="la">manceps</foreign>) gives guarantees (<foreign xml:lang="la">praedia</foreign>) as security for his ability to fulfill the contract, the other half after the completion (for a broad treatise on the contracts between the Roman State and public companies, see <bibl>Badian 1972, 67-81</bibl>). For a different interpretation of this difficult passage, see <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2195">Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984</ref>, 43</bibl>; <bibl>Gauthier 1987, no. 327</bibl>; <bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl1990">Bresson 2008, II</ref>, 195</bibl>.</p> 240 <lb/><p> - Lines 49-56.</p> 241 <lb/><p>Judging by the inflexibility with which an eventual delay would be treated, we can infer that the situation of famine that Rome was living was rather serious. In fact, assuming that two staters and nine obols is equivalent to 16.5 g of silver and comparing this figure with the average grain price of 48-76 g of silver per quintal, it may be concluded that the fine would amount to 220 g of silver per quintal (<bibl><ref target="GEIBibl/#bibl2195">Garnsey, Gallant, Rathbone 1984</ref>, 43</bibl>), an exorbitant sum. Furthermore, it is likely that such an inflexibility depends on the fact that the ship owners would receive a penalty if they had had to wait for the grain in the harbors.</p> 242 <lb/> 243 <lb/><p>Adams, C. (2012), 'Transport', in W. Scheidel (ed.) <title level="m">The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy</title>, Cambridge, 218-240</p> 244 <lb/><p>Badian, E. (1970), 'Additional Notes on Roman Magistrates', <title>Athenaeum</title> 48, 4-6</p> 245 <lb/><p>Badian, E. (1972), <title level="m">Publicans and Sinners</title>, Oxford</p> 246 <lb/><p>Bagnall, R.S. and P.S. Derow (2004), <title level="m">The Hellenistic period</title>, Oxford</p> 247 <lb/><p>Bennett, C. (2005), 'Evidence for the regulation of intercalation under the Lex Acilia', <title>ZPE</title> 151, 167-184</p> 248 <lb/><p>Bresson, A. (2016), <title level="m">The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy</title>, Princeton </p> 249 <lb/><p>Bresson A. (2008), <title level="m">L’économie de la Grèce des cités</title>, II, Paris </p> 250 <lb/><p>Cantarelli, F. (1999), 'Continuità e discontinuità nell’occupazione e nell’organizzazione dei territori di alcune poleis della Tessaglia meridionale sino all’età Romana', in M. Brunet (éd.), <title level="m">Territoires des cités grecques</title>. Actes de la table ronde international (31 octobre-3 novembre 1991), Paris, 125-133</p> 251 <lb/><p>Canali De Rossi, F. (1995), ‘P. Clodio, Q. Cecilio Metello e il grano tessalo’, <title>MGR</title> 19, 147-159</p> 252 <lb/><p>Canali De Rossi F. (1997), <title level="m">Le ambascerie dal mondo greco a Roma in età repubblicana</title>, Roma</p> 253 <lb/><p>Carcopino, J. (1965), <title level="m">La loi de Hiéron et les Romains</title>, Paris </p> 254 <lb/><p>Crawford, M. (1967), <title level="m">Roman Republican Coinage</title> II, Cambridge</p> 255 <lb/><p>Erdkamp, P. (2013), 'The food supply of the capital', in P. Erdkamp (ed.), <title level="m">The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome</title>, Cambridge, 262-277</p> 256 <lb/><p>Foxhall, L. and H.A. Forbes (1982), 'Σιτομετρεία: The role of Grain as a Staple Food in Classical Antiquity', <title>Chiron</title> 12, 41-90</p> 257 <lb/><p>Gallis, K.J. (1976) [1984], 'Αρχαιότητες και Μνημεία Κεντρικής και Δυτικής Θεσσαλίας', <title>AD</title>, 174-178</p> 258 <lb/><p>Gallis, K.J. (1984-1987), ‘Corn transport from Thessaly to Rome in the 2nd c. BC. A decree of the thessalian league’, in <title level="m">Πρακτικά του η΄ διεθνούς συνεδρίου ελληνικής και λατινικής επιγραφικής</title> (Αθήνα 3-9 οκτωβρίου 1982), Athens, 210-212</p> 259 <lb/><p>Garnsey, P. (1983), 'Grain for Rome', in P. Garnsey, K. Hopkins, C.R. Whittaker (eds.), <title level="m">Trade in Ancient Economy</title>, London, 118-130</p> 260 <lb/><p>Garnsey, P. (1988), <title level="m">Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World</title>, Cambridge</p> 261 <lb/><p>Garnsey, P., D. Gallant and T. Rathbone (1984), ‘Thessaly and the grain supply of Rome during the second century BC’, <title>JRS</title> 74, 30-44</p> 262 <lb/><p>Garnsey, P. and T. Rathbone (1985), ‘The background to the grain law of Gaius Gracchus’, <title>JRS</title> 75, 20-25</p> 263 <lb/><p>Gruen, E.S. (1984), <title level="m">The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome</title>, Berkeley</p> 264 <lb/><p>Head, B.V. (1911), <title level="m">Historia Numorum. A manual of greek numismatics</title>, London (repr. Chicago 1967)</p> 265 <lb/><p>Helly, B. (1983), 'Les Italiens en Thessalie au IIe et Ier s. av. J.-C.', in <title level="m">Les Bourgeoisies municipales italiennes aux IIe et Ier siecle av. J.- C.</title> Centre Jean Berard. Institut Francais de Naples (7-10 dicembre 1981), Napoli, 355-380</p> 266 <lb/><p>Helly, B. (1987), 'Les emissions monetaires de la Conféderation thessalienne', in G. Depeyrot, T. Hackens, G. Moucharte (eds.), <title level="m">Rhytmes de la production monétaire de l’Antiquité à nos jours</title>, Louvain, 39-53</p> 267 <lb/><p>Helly, B. and A. Tziafalias (2007), 'Décrets inédits de Larissa. 3', <title>BCH</title> 131, 421-474</p> 268 <lb/><p>Hultsch, F. (1862), <title level="m">Griechische und Römische Metrologie</title>, Berlin</p> 269 <lb/><p>Hultsch, F. (1864-1866), <title level="m">Metrologicorum Scriptorum Reliquiae</title>, Leipzig</p> 270 <lb/><p>Kramolisch, H. (1978), <title level="m">Demetrias II: Die Strategen des thessalischen Bundes vom Jahr 196 v. Chr. Bis zum Ausgang der Römischen Republik</title>, Bonn</p> 271 <lb/><p>Larsen, A.O. (1968), <title level="m">Greek federal states. Their institutions and history</title>, Oxford</p> 272 <lb/><p>Manganaro, G. (1983), ‘Ancora sulle rivolte servili in Sicilia’, <title>Chiron</title> 13, 405-409</p> 273 <lb/><p>Migeotte, L. (2003), <title level="m">L’economia delle città greche</title>, Roma</p> 274 <lb/><p>Pomey, P. and A. Tchernia (1983), 'Il tonnellaggio massimo delle navi mercantili romane', in <title level="m">Atti del Convegno Studi e ricerche su Puteoli romana</title>. Centre J. Bérard (2-3 aprile 1979), Napoli, 29-57</p> 275 <lb/><p>Reger, G. (2007), 'Hellenistic Greece and Western Asia. Prices and Markets: Linking production to consumption', in W. Scheidel, I. Morris, R. Saller (eds.), <title level="m">The Cambridge Economic History of Greco-Roman World</title>, Cambridge, 460-486</p> 276 <lb/><p>Rickman, G. (1980), <title level="m">The corn supply of ancient Rome</title>, Oxford</p> 277 <lb/><p>Scheidel, W. (2001), <title level="m">Debating Roman Demography</title>, Leiden</p> 278 <lb/><p>Schneider, H. (2007), 'Technology', in W. Scheidel, I. Morris, R. Saller (eds.), <title level="m">The Cambridge Economic History of Greco-Roman World</title>, Cambridge, 144-174</p> 279 <lb/><p>Shatzman, I. (1968), 'Four Notes on Roman Magistrates', <title>Athenaeum</title> 46, 350-353</p> 280 <lb/><p>Sirks, B. (1991), <title level="m">Food for Rome. The legal structure of the transportation and processing of supplies for the imperial distributions in Rome and Constantinople</title>, Amsterdam</p> 281 <lb/><p>Trümpy, C. (1997), <title level="m">Untersuchungen zu den altgriechischen Monatsnamen und Monatsfolgen</title>, Heidelberg</p> 282 <lb/><p>Touchais, G. (1985), ‘Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques en Grèce en 1984’, <title>BCH</title> 109, 759-862</p> 283 <lb/><p>Van Ooteghem, J. (1967), <title level="m">Les Caecilii Metelli de la République</title>, Bruxelles</p> 284 <lb/><p>Vélissaropoulos, J. (1980), <title level="m">Les nauclères grecs. Recherches sur les institutions maritimes en Grèce et dans l’Orient hellénisé</title>, Paris</p> 285 <lb/><p>Veyne, P. (1976), <title level="m">Le pain et le cirque</title>, Paris</p> 286 <lb/><p>Virlouvet, C. (1985), <title level="m">Famine et émeutes à Rome des origins de la République à la mort de Néron</title>, Roma</p> 287 </div> 288 289 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 290 <head>Author</head> 291 <p> Giacinto Falco</p> 292 </div> 293 294 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 295 <head>Last update</head> 296 <p>March 2017</p> 297 </div> 298 299 <div type="commentary" xml:lang="en"> 300 <head>DOI</head> 301 <p> 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI039</p> 302 </div> 303 304 305 </body> 306 </text> 307</TEI>